From 83560c85d8e972e6915cdc42d3f9b8ac8a315351 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2011 20:30:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/15] =?UTF-8?q?lib/i3test.pm:=20Don=E2=80=99t=20sleep(0.?=
 =?UTF-8?q?25),=20but=20wait=20until=20the=20window=20was=20mapped?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This makes it faster and less racey
---
 testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
index 3d2d85af..f8923667 100644
--- a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
+++ b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use X11::XCB::Rect;
 use X11::XCB::Window;
 use X11::XCB qw(:all);
 use AnyEvent::I3;
+use EV;
 use List::Util qw(first);
 use List::MoreUtils qw(lastval);
 use Time::HiRes qw(sleep);
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ sub open_standard_window {
         class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
         rect => X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 30, height => 30 ),
         background_color => $color,
+        event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
     );
 
     if (defined($floating) && $floating) {
@@ -68,7 +70,29 @@ sub open_standard_window {
     $window->name('Window ' . counter_window());
     $window->map;
 
-    sleep(0.25);
+    # wait for the mapped event with a timeout of 0.25s
+    my $cv = AE::cv;
+
+    my $prep = EV::prepare sub {
+        $x->flush;
+    };
+
+    my $check = EV::check sub {
+        while (defined(my $event = $x->poll_for_event)) {
+            if ($event->{response_type} == MAP_NOTIFY) {
+                $cv->send(0)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    my $watcher = EV::io $x->get_file_descriptor, EV::READ, sub {
+        # do nothing, we only need this watcher so that EV picks up the events
+    };
+
+    # Trigger timeout after 0.25s
+    my $timeout = AE::timer 0.5, 0, sub { say STDERR "timeout"; $cv->send(1) };
+
+    my $result = $cv->recv;
 
     return $window;
 }

From 1481cd95c941e87fff8713a514ddc26700ce0b7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2011 22:08:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/15] Implement the I3_SYNC client protocol

This is mainly useful for the testsuite. The tests can wait until i3 processed
all X11 events and then continue. This eliminates sleep() calls which leads to
a more robust and faster testsuite.
---
 include/atoms.xmacro |  1 +
 src/handlers.c       | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/include/atoms.xmacro b/include/atoms.xmacro
index 7f83a7ee..309a3325 100644
--- a/include/atoms.xmacro
+++ b/include/atoms.xmacro
@@ -24,3 +24,4 @@ xmacro(WM_TAKE_FOCUS)
 xmacro(WM_WINDOW_ROLE)
 xmacro(I3_SOCKET_PATH)
 xmacro(I3_CONFIG_PATH)
+xmacro(I3_SYNC)
diff --git a/src/handlers.c b/src/handlers.c
index 267159ec..b3cb1df7 100644
--- a/src/handlers.c
+++ b/src/handlers.c
@@ -648,6 +648,25 @@ static int handle_client_message(xcb_client_message_event_t *event) {
 
         tree_render();
         x_push_changes(croot);
+    } else if (event->type == A_I3_SYNC) {
+        DLOG("i3 sync, yay\n");
+        xcb_window_t window = event->data.data32[0];
+        uint32_t rnd = event->data.data32[1];
+        DLOG("Sending random value %d back to X11 window 0x%08x\n", rnd, window);
+
+        void *reply = scalloc(32);
+        xcb_client_message_event_t *ev = reply;
+
+        ev->response_type = XCB_CLIENT_MESSAGE;
+        ev->window = window;
+        ev->type = A_I3_SYNC;
+        ev->format = 32;
+        ev->data.data32[0] = window;
+        ev->data.data32[1] = rnd;
+
+        xcb_send_event(conn, false, window, XCB_EVENT_MASK_NO_EVENT, (char*)ev);
+        xcb_flush(conn);
+        free(reply);
     } else {
         ELOG("unhandled clientmessage\n");
         return 0;

From 3167e9ad2d3c4b226f01ab2c65d0f8a85c1edaec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2011 22:11:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/15] lib/i3test.pm: reformat exports list

---
 testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
index f8923667..9ded4942 100644
--- a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
+++ b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
@@ -18,7 +18,25 @@ use Proc::Background;
 use v5.10;
 
 use Exporter ();
-our @EXPORT = qw(get_workspace_names get_unused_workspace fresh_workspace get_ws_content get_ws get_focused open_empty_con open_standard_window get_dock_clients cmd does_i3_live exit_gracefully workspace_exists focused_ws get_socket_path launch_with_config);
+our @EXPORT = qw(
+    get_workspace_names
+    get_unused_workspace
+    fresh_workspace
+    get_ws_content
+    get_ws
+    get_focused
+    open_empty_con
+    open_standard_window
+    get_dock_clients
+    cmd
+    sync_with_i3
+    does_i3_live
+    exit_gracefully
+    workspace_exists
+    focused_ws
+    get_socket_path
+    launch_with_config
+);
 
 my $tester = Test::Builder->new();
 my $_cached_socket_path = undef;

From 38a9eabff134b23bb0883561034dd2578e1231b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Fri, 23 Sep 2011 20:37:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/15] tests: implement sync_with_i3 and use it instead of
 sleep()

Also use open_standard_window() in a few more places where appropriate
---
 testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t             |  10 +-
 testcases/t/05-ipc.t                    |  11 +--
 testcases/t/06-focus.t                  |   2 +-
 testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t            |  24 +----
 testcases/t/09-stacking.t               |   2 -
 testcases/t/11-goto.t                   |   4 +-
 testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t        |  24 ++---
 testcases/t/13-urgent.t                 |   6 +-
 testcases/t/19-match.t                  |  17 +---
 testcases/t/33-size-hints.t             |   2 +-
 testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t         |  59 +++++++----
 testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t      |  15 +--
 testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t         |  17 +---
 testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t        |  43 +-------
 testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t             |   6 +-
 testcases/t/41-resize.t                 |   7 +-
 testcases/t/45-flattening.t             |   3 -
 testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t      |  19 +---
 testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t   |   3 -
 testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t |   8 +-
 testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t  |   2 +-
 testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t       |   2 +-
 testcases/t/62-regress-dock-urgent.t    |   2 +-
 testcases/t/63-wm-state.t               |  15 +--
 testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t       |   4 +
 testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t   |   3 +
 testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm               | 126 +++++++++++++++++++-----
 27 files changed, 198 insertions(+), 238 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t b/testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t
index 34e5364e..e83e45ac 100644
--- a/testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t
+++ b/testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t
@@ -59,11 +59,9 @@ my $new_rect = $window->rect;
 ok(!eq_deeply($new_rect, $original_rect), "Window got repositioned");
 $original_rect = $new_rect;
 
-sleep 0.25;
-
 $window->fullscreen(1);
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 $new_rect = $window->rect;
 ok(!eq_deeply($new_rect, $original_rect), "Window got repositioned after fullscreen");
@@ -135,12 +133,12 @@ $new_rect = $swindow->rect;
 ok(!eq_deeply($new_rect, $original_rect), "Window got repositioned");
 
 $swindow->fullscreen(1);
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is(fullscreen_windows(), 1, 'amount of fullscreen windows');
 
 $window->fullscreen(0);
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 is(fullscreen_windows(), 0, 'amount of fullscreen windows');
 
 ok($swindow->mapped, 'window mapped after other fullscreen ended');
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ ok($swindow->mapped, 'window mapped after other fullscreen ended');
 ###########################################################################
 
 $swindow->fullscreen(0);
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is(fullscreen_windows(), 0, 'amount of fullscreen windows after disabling');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/05-ipc.t b/testcases/t/05-ipc.t
index a910c930..0d18040e 100644
--- a/testcases/t/05-ipc.t
+++ b/testcases/t/05-ipc.t
@@ -2,11 +2,6 @@
 # vim:ts=4:sw=4:expandtab
 
 use i3test;
-use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-
-BEGIN {
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Connection') or BAIL_OUT('Cannot load X11::XCB::Connection');
-}
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
@@ -18,16 +13,14 @@ fresh_workspace;
 
 # Create a window so we can get a focus different from NULL
 my $window = open_standard_window($x);
-diag("window->id = " . $window->id);
-
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 my $focus = $x->input_focus;
-diag("old focus = $focus");
 
 # Switch to another workspace
 fresh_workspace;
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
 my $new_focus = $x->input_focus;
 isnt($focus, $new_focus, "Focus changed");
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/06-focus.t b/testcases/t/06-focus.t
index d357c8a9..b3add322 100644
--- a/testcases/t/06-focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/06-focus.t
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ cmd 'split v';
 my $top = open_standard_window($x);
 my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
 my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
+##sleep 0.25;
 
 diag("top id = " . $top->id);
 diag("mid id = " . $mid->id);
diff --git a/testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t b/testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t
index f8143979..33a5884a 100644
--- a/testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t
+++ b/testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t
@@ -4,11 +4,6 @@
 # over an unfocused tiling client and destroying the floating one again.
 
 use i3test;
-use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-
-BEGIN {
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Window') or BAIL_OUT('Could not load X11::XCB::Window');
-}
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
@@ -19,30 +14,21 @@ cmd 'split h';
 my $tiled_left = open_standard_window($x);
 my $tiled_right = open_standard_window($x);
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 # Get input focus before creating the floating window
 my $focus = $x->input_focus;
 
 # Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 1, 1, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-);
+my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
-isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$window->map;
-
-sleep 1;
-sleep 0.25;
 is($x->input_focus, $window->id, 'floating window focused');
 
 $window->unmap;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+# TODO: wait for unmap
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $focus, 'Focus correctly restored');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/09-stacking.t b/testcases/t/09-stacking.t
index 1cb205ed..cc285f32 100644
--- a/testcases/t/09-stacking.t
+++ b/testcases/t/09-stacking.t
@@ -27,9 +27,7 @@ $i3->command('9')->recv;
 #####################################################################
 
 my $top = i3test::open_standard_window($x);
-sleep(0.25);
 my $mid = i3test::open_standard_window($x);
-sleep(0.25);
 my $bottom = i3test::open_standard_window($x);
 sleep(0.25);
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/11-goto.t b/testcases/t/11-goto.t
index 542dc828..44cf55ab 100644
--- a/testcases/t/11-goto.t
+++ b/testcases/t/11-goto.t
@@ -21,11 +21,8 @@ cmd 'split h';
 #####################################################################
 
 my $top = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 
 diag("top id = " . $top->id);
 diag("mid id = " . $mid->id);
@@ -39,6 +36,7 @@ sub focus_after {
     my $msg = shift;
 
     cmd $msg;
+    sync_with_i3($x);
     return $x->input_focus;
 }
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t b/testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t
index 09297df0..1aec9573 100644
--- a/testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t
+++ b/testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #!perl
 # vim:ts=4:sw=4:expandtab
-# Beware that this test uses workspace 9 to perform some tests (it expects
-# the workspace to be empty).
-# TODO: skip it by default?
 
 use i3test;
 use X11::XCB qw(:all);
@@ -20,30 +17,22 @@ fresh_workspace;
 #####################################################################
 
 # Create a floating window
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-);
-
-isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
 
 # See if configurerequests cause window movements (they should not)
 my ($a, $t) = $window->rect;
 $window->rect(X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => $a->x, y => $a->y, width => $a->width, height => $a->height));
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 my ($na, $nt) = $window->rect;
 is_deeply($na, $a, 'Rects are equal after configurerequest');
 
 sub test_resize {
     $window->rect(X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 100, height => 100));
 
+    sync_with_i3($x);
+
     my ($absolute, $top) = $window->rect;
 
     # Make sure the width/height are different from what we’re gonna test, so
@@ -52,7 +41,8 @@ sub test_resize {
     isnt($absolute->height, 500, 'height != 500');
 
     $window->rect(X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 300, height => 500));
-    sleep 0.25;
+
+    sync_with_i3($x);
 
     ($absolute, $top) = $window->rect;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/13-urgent.t b/testcases/t/13-urgent.t
index f40b72fb..83c36a98 100644
--- a/testcases/t/13-urgent.t
+++ b/testcases/t/13-urgent.t
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ is(@urgent, 0, 'no window got the urgent flag');
 # Add the urgency hint, switch to a different workspace and back again
 #####################################################################
 $top->add_hint('urgency');
-sleep 0.5;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 @urgent = grep { $_->{urgent} } @content;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ cmd '[id="' . $top->id . '"] focus';
 is(@urgent, 0, 'no window got the urgent flag after focusing');
 
 $top->add_hint('urgency');
-sleep 0.5;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 @urgent = grep { $_->{urgent} } @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 is(@urgent, 0, 'no window got the urgent flag after re-setting urgency hint');
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ok(!$ws->{urgent}, 'urgent flag not set on workspace');
 my $otmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 $top->add_hint('urgency');
-sleep 0.5;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 $ws = get_ws($tmp);
 ok($ws->{urgent}, 'urgent flag set on workspace');
diff --git a/testcases/t/19-match.t b/testcases/t/19-match.t
index e4fc6ec0..93822f1f 100644
--- a/testcases/t/19-match.t
+++ b/testcases/t/19-match.t
@@ -12,20 +12,7 @@ ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
 # Open a new window
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-);
-
-$window->map;
-# give it some time to be picked up by the window manager
-# TODO: better check for $window->mapped or something like that?
-# maybe we can even wait for getting mapped?
-my $c = 0;
-while (@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0 and $c++ < 5) {
-    sleep 0.25;
-}
+my $window = open_standard_window($x);
 my $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
 ok(@{$content} == 1, 'window mapped');
 my $win = $content->[0];
@@ -114,7 +101,7 @@ ok(@{$content} == 2, 'two windows opened');
 
 cmd '[class="special" title="left"] kill';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
 is(@{$content}, 1, 'one window still there');
diff --git a/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t b/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
index 05897c88..e212dc72 100644
--- a/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
+++ b/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ sleep 0.25;
 $win->hints->aspect($aspect);
 $x->flush;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 my $rect = $win->rect;
 my $ar = $rect->width / $rect->height;
diff --git a/testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t b/testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t
index 6adad246..fc94c440 100644
--- a/testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 my $first = open_standard_window($x);
 my $second = open_standard_window($x);
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second window focused');
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
@@ -34,12 +36,16 @@ $first = open_standard_window($x);    # window 2
 $second = open_standard_window($x);   # window 3
 my $third = open_standard_window($x); # window 4
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'last container focused');
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
 
 cmd '[id="' . $second->id . '"] focus';
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second con focused');
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
@@ -47,7 +53,8 @@ cmd 'floating enable';
 # now kill the third one (it's floating). focus should stay unchanged
 cmd '[id="' . $third->id . '"] kill';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+# TODO: wait for unmapnotify
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second con still focused after killing third');
 
@@ -63,12 +70,16 @@ $first = open_standard_window($x, '#ff0000');    # window 5
 $second = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00');   # window 6
 my $third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff'); # window 7
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'last container focused');
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
 
 cmd '[id="' . $second->id . '"] focus';
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second con focused');
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
@@ -77,13 +88,14 @@ cmd 'floating enable';
 # also floating
 cmd 'kill';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+# TODO: wait for unmapnotify
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'third con focused');
 
 cmd 'kill';
-
-sleep 0.25;
+# TODO: wait for unmapnotify
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $first->id, 'first con focused after killing all floating cons');
 
@@ -99,29 +111,34 @@ cmd 'layout stacked';
 $second = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00');   # window 6
 $third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff'); # window 7
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'last container focused');
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
 
 cmd '[id="' . $second->id . '"] focus';
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second con focused');
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
 
-sleep 0.5;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 # now kill the second one. focus should fall back to the third one, which is
 # also floating
 cmd 'kill';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+# TODO: wait for unmapnotify
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
-is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'second con focused');
+is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'third con focused');
 
 cmd 'kill';
-
-sleep 0.25;
+# TODO: wait for unmapnotify
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $first->id, 'first con focused after killing all floating cons');
 
@@ -134,6 +151,8 @@ $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 $first = open_standard_window($x, '#ff0000');    # window 8
 $second = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00');   # window 9
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second container focused');
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
@@ -142,31 +161,31 @@ is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second container focused');
 
 cmd 'focus tiling';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $first->id, 'first (tiling) container focused');
 
 cmd 'focus floating';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second (floating) container focused');
 
 cmd 'focus floating';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second (floating) container still focused');
 
 cmd 'focus mode_toggle';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $first->id, 'first (tiling) container focused');
 
 cmd 'focus mode_toggle';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second (floating) container focused');
 
@@ -180,35 +199,37 @@ $first = open_standard_window($x, '#ff0000', 1);    # window 10
 $second = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00', 1);   # window 11
 $third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff', 1);   # window 12
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'third container focused');
 
 cmd 'focus left';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second container focused');
 
 cmd 'focus left';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $first->id, 'first container focused');
 
 cmd 'focus left';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'focus wrapped to third container');
 
 cmd 'focus right';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $first->id, 'focus wrapped to first container');
 
 cmd 'focus right';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'focus on second container');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t b/testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t
index f33d04db..91467ed3 100644
--- a/testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t
+++ b/testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t
@@ -22,20 +22,7 @@ ok(workspace_exists($tmp), "workspace $tmp exists");
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 # Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-);
-
-isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$window->map;
-
-sleep 0.25;
-
+my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 # switch to a different workspace, see if the window is still mapped?
diff --git a/testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t b/testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t
index 3ae4b12d..b3be1348 100644
--- a/testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t
+++ b/testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t
@@ -21,27 +21,14 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 # Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-);
-
-isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$window->map;
-
-sleep 0.25;
-
+my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 # switch to a different workspace, see if the window is still mapped?
 
 my $otmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 ok(!$window->mapped, 'Window is not mapped after switching ws');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t b/testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t
index 31bddafd..411ffa8e 100644
--- a/testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t
+++ b/testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 use i3test;
 use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-use Time::HiRes qw(sleep);
 
 BEGIN {
     use_ok('X11::XCB::Window');
@@ -22,20 +21,7 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 # Create a floating window
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-);
-
-isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$window->map;
-
-sleep 0.25;
-
+my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 my $ws = get_ws($tmp);
@@ -45,17 +31,7 @@ is(@{$ws->{floating_nodes}}, 1, 'one floating node');
 is(@{$nodes}, 0, 'no tiling nodes');
 
 # Create a tiling window
-my $twindow = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-);
-
-isa_ok($twindow, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$twindow->map;
-
-sleep 0.25;
+my $twindow = open_standard_window($x);
 
 ($nodes, $focus) = get_ws_content($tmp);
 
@@ -78,20 +54,7 @@ is(@{$ws->{floating_nodes}}, 0, 'no floating nodes so far');
 is(@{$ws->{nodes}}, 1, 'one tiling node (stacked con)');
 
 # Create a floating window
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-);
-
-isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$window->map;
-
-sleep 0.25;
-
+my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 $ws = get_ws($tmp);
diff --git a/testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t b/testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t
index 9df220d1..1121f124 100644
--- a/testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t
+++ b/testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # bug introduced by 77d0d42ed2d7ac8cafe267c92b35a81c1b9491eb
 use i3test;
 use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-use Time::HiRes qw(sleep);
 
 BEGIN {
     use_ok('X11::XCB::Window');
@@ -26,11 +25,10 @@ sub check_order {
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 my $left = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $right = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
+
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 diag("left = " . $left->id . ", mid = " . $mid->id . ", right = " . $right->id);
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/41-resize.t b/testcases/t/41-resize.t
index 1d1b1206..2a3846d8 100644
--- a/testcases/t/41-resize.t
+++ b/testcases/t/41-resize.t
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 cmd 'split v';
 
 my $top = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
+
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 diag("top = " . $top->id . ", bottom = " . $bottom->id);
 
@@ -55,9 +55,7 @@ $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 cmd 'split v';
 
 $top = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 
 cmd 'split h';
 cmd 'layout stacked';
@@ -79,7 +77,6 @@ is($nodes->[1]->{percent}, 0.75, 'bottom window got 75%');
 $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 $top = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/45-flattening.t b/testcases/t/45-flattening.t
index 98b93ef1..4a57f211 100644
--- a/testcases/t/45-flattening.t
+++ b/testcases/t/45-flattening.t
@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@ my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 my $left = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $right = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 
 cmd 'move before v';
 cmd 'move after h';
diff --git a/testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t b/testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t
index a4e90d4d..07f78956 100644
--- a/testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t
+++ b/testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # vim:ts=4:sw=4:expandtab
 #
 use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-use Time::HiRes qw(sleep);
 use i3test;
 
 BEGIN {
@@ -14,13 +13,10 @@ my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 my $left = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 
 cmd 'split v';
 my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 
 my ($nodes, $focus) = get_ws_content($tmp);
 
@@ -31,20 +27,7 @@ my ($nodes, $focus) = get_ws_content($tmp);
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 # Create a floating window
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-);
-
-isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$window->map;
-
-sleep 0.25;
-
+my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 ($nodes, $focus) = get_ws_content($tmp);
diff --git a/testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t b/testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t
index 6e04916d..8425f6d9 100644
--- a/testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t
+++ b/testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t
@@ -17,11 +17,8 @@ my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 my $left = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 my $right = open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
 
 # go to workspace level
 cmd 'level up';
diff --git a/testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t b/testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t
index 0bec5418..355e697a 100644
--- a/testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t
+++ b/testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t
@@ -17,20 +17,20 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 # open a tiling window on the first workspace
 open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
+#sleep 0.25;
 my $first = get_focused($tmp);
 
 # on a different ws, open a floating window
 my $otmp = fresh_workspace;
 open_standard_window($x);
-sleep 0.25;
+#sleep 0.25;
 my $float = get_focused($otmp);
 cmd 'mode toggle';
-sleep 0.25;
+#sleep 0.25;
 
 # move the floating con to first workspace
 cmd "move workspace $tmp";
-sleep 0.25;
+#sleep 0.25;
 
 # switch to the first ws and check focus
 is(get_focused($tmp), $float, 'floating client correctly focused');
diff --git a/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t b/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
index 16e62c20..1daa2709 100644
--- a/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
+++ b/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ cmp_ok($absolute->{width}, '>', 400, 'i3 raised the width');
 cmp_ok($absolute->{height}, '>', 150, 'i3 raised the height');
 
 cmd 'floating toggle';
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 ($absolute, $top) = $window->rect;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t b/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
index ee60dc7a..89af6219 100644
--- a/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ cmd "move workspace $tmp2";
 
 # verify that the third window has the focus
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'third window focused');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/62-regress-dock-urgent.t b/testcases/t/62-regress-dock-urgent.t
index 8d188738..5fb88129 100644
--- a/testcases/t/62-regress-dock-urgent.t
+++ b/testcases/t/62-regress-dock-urgent.t
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ is($docknode->{rect}->{height}, 30, 'dock node has unchanged height');
 
 $window->add_hint('urgency');
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 does_i3_live;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/63-wm-state.t b/testcases/t/63-wm-state.t
index 7e983289..b9161400 100644
--- a/testcases/t/63-wm-state.t
+++ b/testcases/t/63-wm-state.t
@@ -16,25 +16,18 @@ BEGIN {
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-    background_color => '#00ff00',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
+my $window = open_standard_window($x);
 
-$window->name('Window 1');
-$window->map;
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 diag('window mapped');
 
-sleep 0.5;
-
 is($window->state, ICCCM_WM_STATE_NORMAL, 'WM_STATE normal');
 
 $window->unmap;
 
-sleep 0.5;
+# TODO: wait for unmapnotify
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 is($window->state, ICCCM_WM_STATE_WITHDRAWN, 'WM_STATE withdrawn');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t b/testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t
index 2b9f6e56..0e07ebf7 100644
--- a/testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t
+++ b/testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 my $first = open_standard_window($x);
 my $second = open_standard_window($x);
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second window focused');
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 2, 'two containers opened');
 isnt($content[0]->{layout}, 'stacked', 'layout not stacked');
@@ -57,6 +59,8 @@ ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 $first = open_standard_window($x);
 $second = open_standard_window($x);
 
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second window focused');
 my @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 ok(@content == 1, 'one con at workspace level');
diff --git a/testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t b/testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t
index f2dfc18e..cf1c3216 100644
--- a/testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t
+++ b/testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t
@@ -73,6 +73,9 @@ cmd 'layout tabbed';
 cmd 'focus parent';
 
 $third = open_standard_window($x);
+
+sync_with_i3($x);
+
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'third window focused');
 
 cmd 'focus left';
diff --git a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
index 9ded4942..2a51dad6 100644
--- a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
+++ b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ our @EXPORT = qw(
 
 my $tester = Test::Builder->new();
 my $_cached_socket_path = undef;
+my $_sync_window = undef;
 my $tmp_socket_path = undef;
 
 BEGIN {
@@ -66,6 +67,44 @@ use warnings;
     goto \&Exporter::import;
 }
 
+#
+# Waits for the next event and calls the given callback for every event to
+# determine if this is the event we are waiting for.
+#
+# Can be used to wait until a window is mapped, until a ClientMessage is
+# received, etc.
+#
+# wait_for_event $x, 0.25, sub { $_[0]->{response_type} == MAP_NOTIFY };
+#
+sub wait_for_event {
+    my ($x, $timeout, $cb) = @_;
+
+    my $cv = AE::cv;
+
+    my $prep = EV::prepare sub {
+        $x->flush;
+    };
+
+    my $check = EV::check sub {
+        while (defined(my $event = $x->poll_for_event)) {
+            if ($cb->($event)) {
+                $cv->send(1);
+                last;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    my $watcher = EV::io $x->get_file_descriptor, EV::READ, sub {
+        # do nothing, we only need this watcher so that EV picks up the events
+    };
+
+    # Trigger timeout after $timeout seconds (can be fractional)
+    my $timeout = AE::timer $timeout, 0, sub { say STDERR "timeout"; $cv->send(0) };
+
+    my $result = $cv->recv;
+    return $result;
+}
+
 sub open_standard_window {
     my ($x, $color, $floating) = @_;
 
@@ -88,29 +127,7 @@ sub open_standard_window {
     $window->name('Window ' . counter_window());
     $window->map;
 
-    # wait for the mapped event with a timeout of 0.25s
-    my $cv = AE::cv;
-
-    my $prep = EV::prepare sub {
-        $x->flush;
-    };
-
-    my $check = EV::check sub {
-        while (defined(my $event = $x->poll_for_event)) {
-            if ($event->{response_type} == MAP_NOTIFY) {
-                $cv->send(0)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    my $watcher = EV::io $x->get_file_descriptor, EV::READ, sub {
-        # do nothing, we only need this watcher so that EV picks up the events
-    };
-
-    # Trigger timeout after 0.25s
-    my $timeout = AE::timer 0.5, 0, sub { say STDERR "timeout"; $cv->send(1) };
-
-    my $result = $cv->recv;
+    wait_for_event $x, 0.5, sub { $_[0]->{response_type} == MAP_NOTIFY };
 
     return $window;
 }
@@ -239,6 +256,69 @@ sub focused_ws {
     }
 }
 
+#
+# Sends an I3_SYNC ClientMessage with a random value to the root window.
+# i3 will reply with the same value, but, due to the order of events it
+# processes, only after all other events are done.
+#
+# This can be used to ensure the results of a cmd 'focus left' are pushed to
+# X11 and that $x->input_focus returns the correct value afterwards.
+#
+# See also docs/testsuite for a long explanation
+#
+sub sync_with_i3 {
+    my ($x) = @_;
+
+    # Since we need a (mapped) window for receiving a ClientMessage, we create
+    # one on the first call of sync_with_i3. It will be re-used in all
+    # subsequent calls.
+    if (!defined($_sync_window)) {
+        $_sync_window = $x->root->create_child(
+            class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
+            rect => X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => -15, y => -15, width => 10, height => 10 ),
+            override_redirect => 1,
+            background_color => '#ff0000',
+            event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
+        );
+
+        $_sync_window->map;
+
+        wait_for_event $x, 0.5, sub { $_[0]->{response_type} == MAP_NOTIFY };
+    }
+
+    my $root = $x->root->id;
+    # Generate a random number to identify this particular ClientMessage.
+    my $myrnd = int(rand(255)) + 1;
+
+    # Generate a ClientMessage, see xcb_client_message_t
+    my $msg = pack "CCSLLLLLLL",
+         CLIENT_MESSAGE, # response_type
+         32,     # format
+         0,      # sequence
+         $root,  # destination window
+         $x->atom(name => 'I3_SYNC')->id,
+
+         $_sync_window->id,    # data[0]: our own window id
+         $myrnd, # data[1]: a random value to identify the request
+         0,
+         0,
+         0;
+
+    # Send it to the root window -- since i3 uses the SubstructureRedirect
+    # event mask, it will get the ClientMessage.
+    $x->send_event(0, $root, EVENT_MASK_SUBSTRUCTURE_REDIRECT, $msg);
+
+    # now wait until the reply is here
+    return wait_for_event $x, 1, sub {
+        my ($event) = @_;
+        # TODO: const
+        return 0 unless $event->{response_type} == 161;
+
+        my ($win, $rnd) = unpack "LL", $event->{data};
+        return ($rnd == $myrnd);
+    };
+}
+
 sub does_i3_live {
     my $tree = i3(get_socket_path())->get_tree->recv;
     my @nodes = @{$tree->{nodes}};

From 4821b13cae173c7ee598811f82c6502841a73a55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 13:07:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/15] tests: lib/i3test: provide wait_for_map and
 wait_for_unmap

These functions should be used instead of calling wait_for_event directly when
waiting for MAP_NOTIFY or UNMAP_NOTIFY
---
 testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
index 2a51dad6..40e84044 100644
--- a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
+++ b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ our @EXPORT = qw(
     focused_ws
     get_socket_path
     launch_with_config
+    wait_for_event
+    wait_for_map
+    wait_for_unmap
 );
 
 my $tester = Test::Builder->new();
@@ -99,12 +102,28 @@ sub wait_for_event {
     };
 
     # Trigger timeout after $timeout seconds (can be fractional)
-    my $timeout = AE::timer $timeout, 0, sub { say STDERR "timeout"; $cv->send(0) };
+    my $timeout = AE::timer $timeout, 0, sub { warn "timeout"; $cv->send(0) };
 
     my $result = $cv->recv;
     return $result;
 }
 
+# thin wrapper around wait_for_event which waits for MAP_NOTIFY
+# make sure to include 'structure_notify' in the window’s event_mask attribute
+sub wait_for_map {
+    my ($x) = @_;
+    wait_for_event $x, 1, sub { $_[0]->{response_type} == MAP_NOTIFY };
+}
+
+# Wrapper around wait_for_event which waits for UNMAP_NOTIFY. Also calls
+# sync_with_i3 to make sure i3 also picked up and processed the UnmapNotify
+# event.
+sub wait_for_unmap {
+    my ($x) = @_;
+    wait_for_event $x, 1, sub { $_[0]->{response_type} == UNMAP_NOTIFY };
+    sync_with_i3($x);
+}
+
 sub open_standard_window {
     my ($x, $color, $floating) = @_;
 
@@ -286,7 +305,7 @@ sub sync_with_i3 {
         wait_for_event $x, 0.5, sub { $_[0]->{response_type} == MAP_NOTIFY };
     }
 
-    my $root = $x->root->id;
+    my $root = $x->get_root_window();
     # Generate a random number to identify this particular ClientMessage.
     my $myrnd = int(rand(255)) + 1;
 
@@ -386,7 +405,7 @@ sub launch_with_config {
     # one test case.
     my $i3cmd = "exec " . abs_path("../i3") . " -V -d all --disable-signalhandler -c $tmpfile >>$ENV{LOGPATH} 2>&1";
     my $process = Proc::Background->new($i3cmd);
-    sleep 1;
+    sleep 1.25;
 
     # force update of the cached socket path in lib/i3test
     get_socket_path(0);

From 4da5b7e784acb0a0daa5a24116c940510a81294c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 13:08:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 06/15] tests: use wait_for_{map,unmap} to eliminate more
 sleep()s

---
 testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t            | 10 ++++--
 testcases/t/04-floating.t              |  9 +++--
 testcases/t/10-dock.t                  | 24 +++++++------
 testcases/t/14-client-leader.t         | 33 +++++++++++-------
 testcases/t/19-match.t                 | 19 +++++-----
 testcases/t/33-size-hints.t            |  5 ++-
 testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t  |  8 +++--
 testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t |  3 +-
 testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t |  7 ++--
 testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t   |  7 ++--
 testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t      | 14 +++++++-
 testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t    |  4 +--
 testcases/t/65-for_window.t            | 48 ++++++++++++++++----------
 testcases/t/66-assign.t                | 24 ++++++++-----
 testcases/t/74-border-config.t         |  8 ++---
 15 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t b/testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t
index e83e45ac..ae8c63f6 100644
--- a/testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t
+++ b/testcases/t/02-fullscreen.t
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => $original_rect,
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ is_deeply($window->rect, $original_rect, "rect unmodified before mapping");
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 # open another container to make the window get only half of the screen
 cmd 'open';
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => $original_rect,
     background_color => 61440,
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 is_deeply($window->rect, $original_rect, "rect unmodified before mapping");
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ is_deeply($window->rect, $original_rect, "rect unmodified before mapping");
 $window->fullscreen(1);
 $window->map;
 
-sleep(0.25);
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 $new_rect = $window->rect;
 ok(!eq_deeply($new_rect, $original_rect), "Window got repositioned after fullscreen");
@@ -122,10 +124,12 @@ my $swindow = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => $original_rect,
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $swindow->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+
+sync_with_i3($x);
 
 ok(!$swindow->mapped, 'window not mapped while fullscreen window active');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/04-floating.t b/testcases/t/04-floating.t
index fcf73f08..d605328d 100644
--- a/testcases/t/04-floating.t
+++ b/testcases/t/04-floating.t
@@ -17,13 +17,14 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
     # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my ($absolute, $top) = $window->rect;
 
@@ -40,13 +41,14 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 1, 1, 80, 90],
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 ($absolute, $top) = $window->rect;
 
@@ -70,13 +72,14 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 1, 1, 80, 90],
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
     #window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/10-dock.t b/testcases/t/10-dock.t
index 3f0a5195..988d92db 100644
--- a/testcases/t/10-dock.t
+++ b/testcases/t/10-dock.t
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ BEGIN {
 }
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 
 #####################################################################
 # verify that there is no dock window yet
@@ -36,11 +35,12 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my $rect = $window->rect;
 is($rect->width, $primary->rect->width, 'dock client is as wide as the screen');
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ is($docknode->{rect}->{height}, 30, 'dock node has unchanged height');
 
 $window->rect(X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 50, height => 40));
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3 $x;
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients('top');
 is(@docked, 1, 'one dock client found');
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ is($docknode->{rect}->{height}, 40, 'dock height changed');
 
 $window->destroy;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients();
 is(@docked, 0, 'no more dock clients');
@@ -96,11 +96,12 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my $rect = $window->rect;
 is($rect->width, $primary->rect->width, 'dock client is as wide as the screen');
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ is(@docked, 1, 'dock client on bottom');
 
 $window->destroy;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients();
 is(@docked, 0, 'no more dock clients');
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create();
@@ -145,14 +147,14 @@ $x->change_property(
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients('top');
 is(@docked, 1, 'dock client on top');
 
 $window->destroy;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients();
 is(@docked, 0, 'no more dock clients');
@@ -162,6 +164,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create();
@@ -182,7 +185,7 @@ $x->change_property(
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients('bottom');
 is(@docked, 1, 'dock client on bottom');
@@ -199,12 +202,13 @@ my $fwindow = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $fwindow->transient_for($window);
 $fwindow->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 does_i3_live;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/14-client-leader.t b/testcases/t/14-client-leader.t
index 98978eb3..08deabf8 100644
--- a/testcases/t/14-client-leader.t
+++ b/testcases/t/14-client-leader.t
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ BEGIN {
 }
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
@@ -25,6 +24,7 @@ my $left = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [0, 0, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $left->name('Left');
@@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ my $right = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [0, 0, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $right->name('Right');
 $right->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'left window mapped');
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'right window mapped');
 
 my ($abs, $rgeom) = $right->rect;
 
@@ -48,13 +50,14 @@ my $child = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $child->name('Child window');
 $child->client_leader($right);
 $child->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'child window mapped');
 
 my $cgeom;
 ($abs, $cgeom) = $child->rect;
@@ -65,13 +68,14 @@ my $child2 = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $child2->name('Child window 2');
 $child2->client_leader($left);
 $child2->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'second child window mapped');
 
 ($abs, $cgeom) = $child2->rect;
 cmp_ok(($cgeom->x + $cgeom->width), '<', $rgeom->x, 'child above left window');
@@ -83,12 +87,13 @@ my $fwindow = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $fwindow->transient_for($right);
 $fwindow->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'transient window mapped');
 
 my ($absolute, $top) = $fwindow->rect;
 ok($absolute->{x} != 0 && $absolute->{y} != 0, 'i3 did not map it to (0x0)');
@@ -101,15 +106,16 @@ SKIP: {
 #####################################################################
 
 my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-background_color => '#C0C0C0',
+    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
+    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
+    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->name('Parent window');
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'parent window mapped');
 
 #########################################################################
 # Switch to a different workspace and open a child window. It should be opened
@@ -118,16 +124,17 @@ sleep 0.25;
 fresh_workspace;
 
 my $child = $x->root->create_child(
-class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-background_color => '#C0C0C0',
+    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
+    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
+    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $child->name('Child window');
 $child->client_leader($window);
 $child->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'child window mapped');
 
 isnt($x->input_focus, $child->id, "Child window focused");
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/19-match.t b/testcases/t/19-match.t
index 93822f1f..aab54456 100644
--- a/testcases/t/19-match.t
+++ b/testcases/t/19-match.t
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ cmd 'nop now killing the window';
 my $id = $win->{id};
 cmd qq|[con_id="$id"] kill|;
 
-# give i3 some time to pick up the UnmapNotify event
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 cmd 'nop checking if its gone';
 $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
@@ -75,25 +74,27 @@ my $left = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $left->_create;
 set_wm_class($left->id, 'special', 'special');
 $left->name('left');
 $left->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'left window mapped');
 
 my $right = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $right->_create;
 set_wm_class($right->id, 'special', 'special');
 $right->name('right');
 $right->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'right window mapped');
 
 # two windows should be here
 $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
@@ -116,13 +117,14 @@ $left = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $left->_create;
 set_wm_class($left->id, 'special7', 'special7');
 $left->name('left');
 $left->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'left window mapped');
 
 # two windows should be here
 $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ ok(@{$content} == 1, 'window opened');
 
 cmd '[class="^special[0-9]$"] kill';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
 is(@{$content}, 0, 'window killed');
@@ -145,13 +147,14 @@ $left = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $left->_create;
 set_wm_class($left->id, 'special7', 'special7');
 $left->name('ä 3');
 $left->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+ok(wait_for_map($x), 'left window mapped');
 
 # two windows should be here
 $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
@@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ ok(@{$content} == 1, 'window opened');
 
 cmd '[title="^\w [3]$"] kill';
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
 is(@{$content}, 0, 'window killed');
diff --git a/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t b/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
index e212dc72..0d607dbc 100644
--- a/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
+++ b/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 #
 use i3test;
 
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
-
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
@@ -17,6 +15,7 @@ my $win = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 30, height => 30),
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 # XXX: we should check screen size. in screens with an AR of 2.0,
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ $aspect->max_num(600);
 $aspect->max_den(300);
 $win->_create;
 $win->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 $win->hints->aspect($aspect);
 $x->flush;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t b/testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t
index a4f7bebc..caadb9e3 100644
--- a/testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t
+++ b/testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t
@@ -31,11 +31,12 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 #####################################################################
 # check that we can find it in the layout tree at the expected position
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ is($docknode->{rect}->{height}, 30, 'dock node has unchanged height after restar
 
 $window->destroy;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients;
 is(@docked, 0, 'no dock clients found');
@@ -84,11 +85,12 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 20],
     background_color => '#00FF00',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients;
 is(@docked, 1, 'one dock client found');
diff --git a/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t b/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
index 1daa2709..b1dc6199 100644
--- a/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
+++ b/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 400, 150],
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
 
 $window->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my ($absolute, $top) = $window->rect;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t b/testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t
index 36070db1..b1809493 100644
--- a/testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t
+++ b/testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ BEGIN {
 }
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
@@ -33,11 +32,12 @@ my $first = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $first->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 #####################################################################
 # Open a second dock client
@@ -48,11 +48,12 @@ my $second = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $second->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 #####################################################################
 # Kill the second dock client
diff --git a/testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t b/testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t
index ecffbb12..0ba5cdc4 100644
--- a/testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t
+++ b/testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ BEGIN {
 }
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
@@ -24,11 +23,12 @@ my $first = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 200, 80],
     background_color => '#FF0000',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $first->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 #####################################################################
 # Open a second window with 300x90
@@ -38,11 +38,12 @@ my $second = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 300, 90],
     background_color => '#00FF00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $second->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 #####################################################################
 # Set the parent to floating
diff --git a/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t b/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
index 89af6219..2eb35a6b 100644
--- a/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
@@ -44,7 +44,19 @@ cmd 'fullscreen';
 # Open a third window
 #####################################################################
 
-my $third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff');
+#my $third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff');
+
+my $third = $x->root->create_child(
+    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
+    rect => X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 30, height => 30 ),
+    background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
+);
+
+$third->name('Third window');
+$third->map;
+
+sync_with_i3 $x;
 
 diag("third = " . $third->id);
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t b/testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t
index 2e0669ba..89077500 100644
--- a/testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t
+++ b/testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 # Tests if WM_STATE is WM_STATE_NORMAL when mapped and WM_STATE_WITHDRAWN when
 # unmapped.
 #
-use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-use X11::XCB::Connection;
 use i3test;
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
@@ -18,6 +16,8 @@ sub two_windows {
     my $first = open_standard_window($x);
     my $second = open_standard_window($x);
 
+    sync_with_i3 $x;
+
     is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second window focused');
     ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 2, 'two containers opened');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/65-for_window.t b/testcases/t/65-for_window.t
index 1746d117..0dbe99c3 100644
--- a/testcases/t/65-for_window.t
+++ b/testcases/t/65-for_window.t
@@ -32,18 +32,19 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->name('Border window');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
 is($content[0]->{border}, 'normal', 'normal border');
 
 $window->unmap;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 my @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 0, 'no more nodes');
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
@@ -79,14 +81,14 @@ sub set_wm_class {
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'borderless', 'borderless');
 $window->name('Borderless window');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
 is($content[0]->{border}, 'none', 'no border');
 
 $window->unmap;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 0, 'no more nodes');
@@ -113,24 +115,25 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->name('special title');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
 is($content[0]->{border}, 'normal', 'normal border');
 
 $window->name('special borderless title');
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3 $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 is($content[0]->{border}, 'none', 'no border');
 
 $window->name('special title');
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3 $x;
 
 cmd 'border normal';
 
@@ -138,13 +141,13 @@ cmd 'border normal';
 is($content[0]->{border}, 'normal', 'border reset to normal');
 
 $window->name('special borderless title');
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3 $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 is($content[0]->{border}, 'normal', 'still normal border');
 
 $window->unmap;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 0, 'no more nodes');
@@ -172,11 +175,12 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->name('special mark title');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
@@ -215,6 +219,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
@@ -222,14 +227,14 @@ $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'borderless', 'borderless');
 $window->name('usethis');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
 is($content[0]->{border}, 'none', 'no border');
 
 $window->unmap;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 0, 'no nodes on this workspace now');
@@ -237,7 +242,7 @@ cmp_ok(@content, '==', 0, 'no nodes on this workspace now');
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'borderless', 'borderless');
 $window->name('notthis');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
@@ -264,6 +269,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
@@ -271,7 +277,7 @@ $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'bar', 'foo');
 $window->name('usethis');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
@@ -298,6 +304,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
@@ -305,7 +312,7 @@ $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'bar', 'foo');
 $window->name('usethis');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
@@ -334,6 +341,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
@@ -341,7 +349,7 @@ $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'bar', 'foo');
 $window->name('usethis');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
@@ -370,6 +378,7 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
@@ -388,7 +397,7 @@ $x->change_property(
 
 $window->name('usethis');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
@@ -418,13 +427,14 @@ $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#00ff00',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
 
 $window->name('usethis');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
@@ -444,7 +454,7 @@ $x->change_property(
 
 $x->flush;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+sync_with_i3 $x;
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
diff --git a/testcases/t/66-assign.t b/testcases/t/66-assign.t
index b8366917..cc41b7af 100644
--- a/testcases/t/66-assign.t
+++ b/testcases/t/66-assign.t
@@ -50,13 +50,14 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'special', 'special');
 $window->name('special window');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 1, 'special window got managed to current (random) workspace');
 
@@ -64,8 +65,6 @@ exit_gracefully($process->pid);
 
 $window->destroy;
 
-sleep 0.25;
-
 #####################################################################
 # start a window and see that it gets assigned to a formerly unused
 # workspace
@@ -89,13 +88,14 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'special', 'special');
 $window->name('special window');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'still no containers');
 ok("targetws" ~~ @{get_workspace_names()}, 'targetws exists');
@@ -128,13 +128,18 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'special', 'special');
 $window->name('special window');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+
+# We use sync_with_i3 instead of wait_for_map here because i3 will not actually
+# map the window -- it will be assigned to a different workspace and will only
+# be mapped once you switch to that workspace
+sync_with_i3 $x;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'still no containers');
 ok(@{get_ws_content('targetws')} == 2, 'two containers on targetws');
@@ -164,13 +169,14 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'special', 'special');
 $window->name('special window');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my $content = get_ws($tmp);
 ok(@{$content->{nodes}} == 0, 'no tiling cons');
@@ -204,13 +210,14 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'SPEcial', 'SPEcial');
 $window->name('special window');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my $content = get_ws($tmp);
 ok(@{$content->{nodes}} == 0, 'no tiling cons');
@@ -249,13 +256,14 @@ my $window = $x->root->create_child(
     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
     background_color => '#0000ff',
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $window->_create;
 set_wm_class($window->id, 'special', 'special');
 $window->name('special window');
 $window->map;
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my $content = get_ws($tmp);
 ok(@{$content->{nodes}} == 0, 'no tiling cons');
diff --git a/testcases/t/74-border-config.t b/testcases/t/74-border-config.t
index c8a4d73d..d66ef477 100644
--- a/testcases/t/74-border-config.t
+++ b/testcases/t/74-border-config.t
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 #
 
 use i3test;
-use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-use X11::XCB::Connection;
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
@@ -84,11 +82,12 @@ $first = $x->root->create_child(
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
     # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $first->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 my $wscontent = get_ws($tmp);
 my @floating = @{$wscontent->{floating_nodes}};
@@ -123,11 +122,12 @@ $first = $x->root->create_child(
     background_color => '#C0C0C0',
     # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
     window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
+    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
 );
 
 $first->map;
 
-sleep 0.25;
+wait_for_map $x;
 
 $wscontent = get_ws($tmp);
 @floating = @{$wscontent->{floating_nodes}};

From e244a758015b8385f497701dfa94a91b0740fe99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 13:09:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 07/15] tests: complete_run: directly use X11::XCB instead of
 ::Connection

This saves about 0.5s wallclock time due to not starting up Moose/Mouse.
This is worthwhile when you develop a new feature and you are often invoking
complete_run for one specific test.
---
 testcases/complete-run.pl | 13 +++++++------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/complete-run.pl b/testcases/complete-run.pl
index 8f740d8c..74bc507f 100755
--- a/testcases/complete-run.pl
+++ b/testcases/complete-run.pl
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use AnyEvent::I3 qw(:all);
 use Try::Tiny;
 use Getopt::Long;
 use Time::HiRes qw(sleep);
-use X11::XCB::Connection;
+use X11::XCB;
 use IO::Socket::UNIX; # core
 use POSIX; # core
 use AnyEvent::Handle;
@@ -75,13 +75,14 @@ my $result = GetOptions(
 my @conns;
 my @wdisplays;
 for my $display (@displays) {
-    try {
-        my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new(display => $display);
+    my $screen;
+    my $x = X11::XCB->new($display, $screen);
+    if ($x->has_error) {
+        say STDERR "WARNING: Not using X11 display $display, could not connect";
+    } else {
         push @conns, $x;
         push @wdisplays, $display;
-    } catch {
-        say STDERR "WARNING: Not using X11 display $display, could not connect";
-    };
+    }
 }
 
 my $config = slurp('i3-test.config');

From 1a438f12ede41fdfc3406e42c360b425a3fabf7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 13:13:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/15] tests: complete-run: display time i3 took for starting
 up

---
 testcases/complete-run.pl | 12 +++++++++---
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/complete-run.pl b/testcases/complete-run.pl
index 74bc507f..b356e0d1 100755
--- a/testcases/complete-run.pl
+++ b/testcases/complete-run.pl
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use File::Basename qw(basename);
 use AnyEvent::I3 qw(:all);
 use Try::Tiny;
 use Getopt::Long;
-use Time::HiRes qw(sleep);
+use Time::HiRes qw(sleep gettimeofday tv_interval);
 use X11::XCB;
 use IO::Socket::UNIX; # core
 use POSIX; # core
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ sub take_job {
     close($fh);
 
     my $activate_cv = AnyEvent->condvar;
+    my $time_before_start = [gettimeofday];
     my $start_i3 = sub {
         # remove the old unix socket
         unlink("/tmp/nested-$display-activation");
@@ -235,9 +236,14 @@ sub take_job {
     # This will be called as soon as i3 is running and answered to our
     # IPC request
     $activate_cv->cb(sub {
-        say "cb";
+        my $time_activating = [gettimeofday];
+        my $start_duration = tv_interval($time_before_start, $time_activating);
         my ($status) = $activate_cv->recv;
-        say "complete-run: status = $status";
+        if ($dont_start) {
+            say "[$display] Not starting i3, testcase does that";
+        } else {
+            say "[$display] i3 startup: took " . sprintf("%.2f", $start_duration) . "s, status = $status";
+        }
 
         say "[$display] Running $test with logfile $logpath";
 

From c3eb9f6c45b92bf4755ac1696fdf44212e3fc0f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 13:13:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/15] tests: complete-run: remove debugging messages

---
 testcases/complete-run.pl | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/complete-run.pl b/testcases/complete-run.pl
index b356e0d1..3566d78b 100755
--- a/testcases/complete-run.pl
+++ b/testcases/complete-run.pl
@@ -159,15 +159,12 @@ sub take_job {
         if (!defined($pid)) {
             die "could not fork()";
         }
-        say "pid = $pid";
         if ($pid == 0) {
-            say "child!";
             $ENV{LISTEN_PID} = $$;
             $ENV{LISTEN_FDS} = 1;
             $ENV{DISPLAY} = $display;
             $^F = 3;
 
-            say "fileno is " . fileno($socket);
             close($reserved);
             POSIX::dup2(fileno($socket), 3);
 
@@ -202,7 +199,6 @@ sub take_job {
         # wait for the reply
         $hdl->push_read(chunk => 1, => sub {
             my ($h, $line) = @_;
-            say "read something from i3";
             $activate_cv->send(1);
             undef $hdl;
         });

From de5286da594cf2dd7677ee7b0e1da3a2a4991013 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 15:11:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/15] tests: lib/i3test: Remove open_standard_window,
 introduce open_window
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

open_window has a better API than open_standard_window. It uses named
parameters and supplies default values for everything you don’t specify. This
way, you can use every feature which X11::XCB::Window supports.
---
 testcases/t/05-ipc.t                         |  3 +-
 testcases/t/06-focus.t                       | 20 ++---
 testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t                 | 13 +---
 testcases/t/10-dock.t                        | 69 +++++++----------
 testcases/t/11-goto.t                        | 13 +---
 testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t             |  3 +-
 testcases/t/13-urgent.t                      |  4 +-
 testcases/t/14-client-leader.t               | 78 ++++----------------
 testcases/t/19-match.t                       |  2 +-
 testcases/t/29-focus-after-close.t           |  2 +-
 testcases/t/33-size-hints.t                  |  8 +-
 testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t              | 40 ++++------
 testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t           |  2 +-
 testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t              |  2 +-
 testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t             | 12 +--
 testcases/t/39-ws-numbers.t                  | 12 +--
 testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t                  |  6 +-
 testcases/t/41-resize.t                      | 10 +--
 testcases/t/45-flattening.t                  |  6 +-
 testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t           | 10 +--
 testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t        |  6 +-
 testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t      |  4 +-
 testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t        | 34 +++------
 testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t       | 13 +---
 testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t       | 30 ++------
 testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t         | 28 ++-----
 testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t            | 18 ++---
 testcases/t/57-regress-fullscreen-level-up.t |  3 +-
 testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t               |  1 -
 testcases/t/61-regress-borders-restart.t     |  2 +-
 testcases/t/63-wm-state.t                    | 14 +---
 testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t          |  4 +-
 testcases/t/65-for_window.t                  |  2 +-
 testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t            | 12 +--
 testcases/t/68-regress-fullscreen-restart.t  |  4 +-
 testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t        | 12 +--
 testcases/t/74-border-config.t               | 32 +-------
 testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm                    | 59 ++++++++++-----
 38 files changed, 207 insertions(+), 386 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/05-ipc.t b/testcases/t/05-ipc.t
index 0d18040e..982ece7e 100644
--- a/testcases/t/05-ipc.t
+++ b/testcases/t/05-ipc.t
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ fresh_workspace;
 #####################################################################
 
 # Create a window so we can get a focus different from NULL
-my $window = open_standard_window($x);
-sync_with_i3($x);
+my $window = open_window($x);
 
 my $focus = $x->input_focus;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/06-focus.t b/testcases/t/06-focus.t
index b3add322..5ded494f 100644
--- a/testcases/t/06-focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/06-focus.t
@@ -2,15 +2,9 @@
 # vim:ts=4:sw=4:expandtab
 
 use i3test;
-use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-
-BEGIN {
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Connection') or BAIL_OUT('Cannot load X11::XCB::Connection');
-}
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 #####################################################################
@@ -21,14 +15,9 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 cmd 'layout default';
 cmd 'split v';
 
-my $top = open_standard_window($x);
-my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
-##sleep 0.25;
-
-diag("top id = " . $top->id);
-diag("mid id = " . $mid->id);
-diag("bottom id = " . $bottom->id);
+my $top = open_window($x);
+my $mid = open_window($x);
+my $bottom = open_window($x);
 
 #
 # Returns the input focus after sending the given command to i3 via IPC
@@ -37,7 +26,8 @@ diag("bottom id = " . $bottom->id);
 sub focus_after {
     my $msg = shift;
 
-    $i3->command($msg)->recv;
+    cmd $msg;
+    sync_with_i3 $x;
     return $x->input_focus;
 }
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t b/testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t
index 33a5884a..b5be284c 100644
--- a/testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t
+++ b/testcases/t/08-focus-stack.t
@@ -7,28 +7,23 @@ use i3test;
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 fresh_workspace;
 
 cmd 'split h';
-my $tiled_left = open_standard_window($x);
-my $tiled_right = open_standard_window($x);
-
-sync_with_i3($x);
+my $tiled_left = open_window($x);
+my $tiled_right = open_window($x);
 
 # Get input focus before creating the floating window
 my $focus = $x->input_focus;
 
 # Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
-sync_with_i3($x);
+my $window = open_floating_window($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $window->id, 'floating window focused');
 
 $window->unmap;
 
-# TODO: wait for unmap
-sync_with_i3($x);
+wait_for_unmap($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $focus, 'Focus correctly restored');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/10-dock.t b/testcases/t/10-dock.t
index 988d92db..cad54c26 100644
--- a/testcases/t/10-dock.t
+++ b/testcases/t/10-dock.t
@@ -29,18 +29,9 @@ my $screens = $x->screens;
 my $primary = first { $_->primary } @{$screens};
 
 # TODO: focus the primary screen before
-
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$window->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+my $window = open_window($x, {
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 my $rect = $window->rect;
 is($rect->width, $primary->rect->width, 'dock client is as wide as the screen');
@@ -91,17 +82,11 @@ is(@docked, 0, 'no more dock clients');
 # check if it gets placed on bottom (by coordinates)
 #####################################################################
 
-$window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$window->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+$window = open_window($x, {
+        rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30 ],
+        background_color => '#FF0000',
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 my $rect = $window->rect;
 is($rect->width, $primary->rect->width, 'dock client is as wide as the screen');
@@ -121,13 +106,12 @@ is(@docked, 0, 'no more dock clients');
 # check if it gets placed on bottom (by hint)
 #####################################################################
 
-$window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
+$window = open_window($x, {
+        dont_map => 1,
+        rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30 ],
+        background_color => '#FF0000',
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 $window->_create();
 
@@ -159,13 +143,12 @@ wait_for_unmap $x;
 @docked = get_dock_clients();
 is(@docked, 0, 'no more dock clients');
 
-$window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
+$window = open_window($x, {
+        dont_map => 1,
+        rect => [ 0, 1000, 30, 30 ],
+        background_color => '#FF0000',
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 $window->_create();
 
@@ -197,13 +180,11 @@ $window->destroy;
 # regression test: transient dock client
 #####################################################################
 
-my $fwindow = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
+$fwindow = open_window($x, {
+        dont_map => 1,
+        background_color => '#FF0000',
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 $fwindow->transient_for($window);
 $fwindow->map;
diff --git a/testcases/t/11-goto.t b/testcases/t/11-goto.t
index 44cf55ab..5bec5892 100644
--- a/testcases/t/11-goto.t
+++ b/testcases/t/11-goto.t
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ BEGIN {
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 cmd 'split h';
@@ -20,13 +19,9 @@ cmd 'split h';
 # Create two windows and make sure focus switching works
 #####################################################################
 
-my $top = open_standard_window($x);
-my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
-
-diag("top id = " . $top->id);
-diag("mid id = " . $mid->id);
-diag("bottom id = " . $bottom->id);
+my $top = open_window($x);
+my $mid = open_window($x);
+my $bottom = open_window($x);
 
 #
 # Returns the input focus after sending the given command to i3 via IPC
@@ -55,7 +50,7 @@ my $random_mark = sha1_base64(rand());
 $focus = focus_after(qq|[con_mark="$random_mark"] focus|);
 is($focus, $mid->id, "focus unchanged");
 
-$i3->command("mark $random_mark")->recv;
+cmd "mark $random_mark";
 
 $focus = focus_after('focus left');
 is($focus, $top->id, "Top window focused");
diff --git a/testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t b/testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t
index 1aec9573..ac3387a9 100644
--- a/testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t
+++ b/testcases/t/12-floating-resize.t
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ fresh_workspace;
 # Create a floating window and see if resizing works
 #####################################################################
 
-# Create a floating window
-my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
+my $window = open_floating_window($x);
 
 # See if configurerequests cause window movements (they should not)
 my ($a, $t) = $window->rect;
diff --git a/testcases/t/13-urgent.t b/testcases/t/13-urgent.t
index 83c36a98..7954408f 100644
--- a/testcases/t/13-urgent.t
+++ b/testcases/t/13-urgent.t
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 cmd 'split v';
 
-my $top = open_standard_window($x);
-my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
+my $top = open_window($x);
+my $bottom = open_window($x);
 
 my @urgent = grep { $_->{urgent} } @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 is(@urgent, 0, 'no window got the urgent flag');
diff --git a/testcases/t/14-client-leader.t b/testcases/t/14-client-leader.t
index 08deabf8..6f7ffce0 100644
--- a/testcases/t/14-client-leader.t
+++ b/testcases/t/14-client-leader.t
@@ -20,40 +20,15 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 # one of both (depending on your screen resolution) will be positioned wrong.
 ####################################################################################
 
-my $left = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$left->name('Left');
-$left->map;
-
-my $right = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$right->name('Right');
-$right->map;
-
-ok(wait_for_map($x), 'left window mapped');
-ok(wait_for_map($x), 'right window mapped');
+my $left = open_window($x, { name => 'Left' });
+my $right = open_window($x, { name => 'Right' });
 
 my ($abs, $rgeom) = $right->rect;
 
-my $child = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$child->name('Child window');
+my $child = open_floating_window($x, {
+        dont_map => 1,
+        name => 'Child window',
+    });
 $child->client_leader($right);
 $child->map;
 
@@ -63,15 +38,10 @@ my $cgeom;
 ($abs, $cgeom) = $child->rect;
 cmp_ok($cgeom->x, '>=', $rgeom->x, 'Child X >= right container X');
 
-my $child2 = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$child2->name('Child window 2');
+my $child2 = open_floating_window($x, {
+        dont_map => 1,
+        name => 'Child window 2',
+    });
 $child2->client_leader($left);
 $child2->map;
 
@@ -81,15 +51,7 @@ ok(wait_for_map($x), 'second child window mapped');
 cmp_ok(($cgeom->x + $cgeom->width), '<', $rgeom->x, 'child above left window');
 
 # check wm_transient_for
-
-
-my $fwindow = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
+my $fwindow = open_window($x, { dont_map => 1 });
 $fwindow->transient_for($right);
 $fwindow->map;
 
@@ -105,14 +67,7 @@ SKIP: {
 # Create a parent window
 #####################################################################
 
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$window->name('Parent window');
+my $window = open_window($x, { dont_map => 1, name => 'Parent window' });
 $window->map;
 
 ok(wait_for_map($x), 'parent window mapped');
@@ -123,14 +78,7 @@ ok(wait_for_map($x), 'parent window mapped');
 #########################################################################
 fresh_workspace;
 
-my $child = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$child->name('Child window');
+my $child = open_window($x, { dont_map => 1, name => 'Child window' });
 $child->client_leader($window);
 $child->map;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/19-match.t b/testcases/t/19-match.t
index aab54456..8b9d21d3 100644
--- a/testcases/t/19-match.t
+++ b/testcases/t/19-match.t
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
 # Open a new window
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $window = open_standard_window($x);
+my $window = open_window($x);
 my $content = get_ws_content($tmp);
 ok(@{$content} == 1, 'window mapped');
 my $win = $content->[0];
diff --git a/testcases/t/29-focus-after-close.t b/testcases/t/29-focus-after-close.t
index ac029eb1..8d225613 100644
--- a/testcases/t/29-focus-after-close.t
+++ b/testcases/t/29-focus-after-close.t
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ $first = open_empty_con($i3);
 $middle = open_empty_con($i3);
 # XXX: the $right empty con will be filled with the x11 window we are creating afterwards
 $right = open_empty_con($i3);
-my $win = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00');
+my $win = open_window($x, { background_color => '#00ff00' });
 
 cmd qq|[con_id="$middle"] focus|;
 $win->destroy;
diff --git a/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t b/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
index 0d607dbc..d2d77e8e 100644
--- a/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
+++ b/testcases/t/33-size-hints.t
@@ -11,13 +11,7 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-my $win = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 30, height => 30),
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
+my $win = open_window($x, { dont_map => 1 });
 # XXX: we should check screen size. in screens with an AR of 2.0,
 # this is not a good idea.
 my $aspect = X11::XCB::Sizehints::Aspect->new;
diff --git a/testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t b/testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t
index fc94c440..4c5b562f 100644
--- a/testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/35-floating-focus.t
@@ -13,10 +13,8 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 # 1: see if focus stays the same when toggling tiling/floating mode
 #############################################################################
 
-my $first = open_standard_window($x);
-my $second = open_standard_window($x);
-
-sync_with_i3($x);
+my $first = open_window($x);
+my $second = open_window($x);
 
 is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second window focused');
 
@@ -32,11 +30,9 @@ is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second window still focused after mode toggle'
 
 $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-$first = open_standard_window($x);    # window 2
-$second = open_standard_window($x);   # window 3
-my $third = open_standard_window($x); # window 4
-
-sync_with_i3($x);
+$first = open_window($x);    # window 2
+$second = open_window($x);   # window 3
+my $third = open_window($x); # window 4
 
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'last container focused');
 
@@ -66,11 +62,9 @@ is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second con still focused after killing third')
 
 $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-$first = open_standard_window($x, '#ff0000');    # window 5
-$second = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00');   # window 6
-my $third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff'); # window 7
-
-sync_with_i3($x);
+$first = open_window($x, '#ff0000');    # window 5
+$second = open_window($x, '#00ff00');   # window 6
+my $third = open_window($x, '#0000ff'); # window 7
 
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'last container focused');
 
@@ -105,13 +99,11 @@ is($x->input_focus, $first->id, 'first con focused after killing all floating co
 
 $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-$first = open_standard_window($x, '#ff0000');    # window 5
+$first = open_window($x, { background_color => '#ff0000' });    # window 5
 cmd 'split v';
 cmd 'layout stacked';
-$second = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00');   # window 6
-$third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff'); # window 7
-
-sync_with_i3($x);
+$second = open_window($x, { background_color => '#00ff00' });   # window 6
+$third = open_window($x, { background_color => '#0000ff' }); # window 7
 
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'last container focused');
 
@@ -148,8 +140,8 @@ is($x->input_focus, $first->id, 'first con focused after killing all floating co
 
 $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-$first = open_standard_window($x, '#ff0000');    # window 8
-$second = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00');   # window 9
+$first = open_window($x, { background_color => '#ff0000' });    # window 8
+$second = open_window($x, { background_color => '#00ff00' });   # window 9
 
 sync_with_i3($x);
 
@@ -195,9 +187,9 @@ is($x->input_focus, $second->id, 'second (floating) container focused');
 
 $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-$first = open_standard_window($x, '#ff0000', 1);    # window 10
-$second = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00', 1);   # window 11
-$third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff', 1);   # window 12
+$first = open_floating_window($x, { background_color => '#ff0000' });# window 10
+$second = open_floating_window($x, { background_color => '#00ff00' }); # window 11
+$third = open_floating_window($x, { background_color => '#0000ff' }); # window 12
 
 sync_with_i3($x);
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t b/testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t
index 91467ed3..a6e0e405 100644
--- a/testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t
+++ b/testcases/t/36-floating-ws-empty.t
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ ok(workspace_exists($tmp), "workspace $tmp exists");
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 # Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
+my $window = open_floating_window($x);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 # switch to a different workspace, see if the window is still mapped?
diff --git a/testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t b/testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t
index b3be1348..ab1a33d3 100644
--- a/testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t
+++ b/testcases/t/37-floating-unmap.t
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 # Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
+my $window = open_floating_window($x);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 # switch to a different workspace, see if the window is still mapped?
diff --git a/testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t b/testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t
index 411ffa8e..b08190a2 100644
--- a/testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t
+++ b/testcases/t/38-floating-attach.t
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 # Create a floating window
-my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
+my $window = open_floating_window($x);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 my $ws = get_ws($tmp);
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ is(@{$ws->{floating_nodes}}, 1, 'one floating node');
 is(@{$nodes}, 0, 'no tiling nodes');
 
 # Create a tiling window
-my $twindow = open_standard_window($x);
+my $twindow = open_window($x);
 
 ($nodes, $focus) = get_ws_content($tmp);
 
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ is(@{$nodes}, 1, 'one tiling node');
 
 $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-my $first = open_standard_window($x);
-my $second = open_standard_window($x);
+my $first = open_window($x);
+my $second = open_window($x);
 
 cmd 'layout stacked';
 
@@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ is(@{$ws->{floating_nodes}}, 0, 'no floating nodes so far');
 is(@{$ws->{nodes}}, 1, 'one tiling node (stacked con)');
 
 # Create a floating window
-my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
+my $window = open_floating_window($x);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 $ws = get_ws($tmp);
 is(@{$ws->{floating_nodes}}, 1, 'one floating nodes');
 is(@{$ws->{nodes}}, 1, 'one tiling node (stacked con)');
 
-my $third = open_standard_window($x);
+my $third = open_window($x);
 
 
 $ws = get_ws($tmp);
diff --git a/testcases/t/39-ws-numbers.t b/testcases/t/39-ws-numbers.t
index 3afd281b..31f013ef 100644
--- a/testcases/t/39-ws-numbers.t
+++ b/testcases/t/39-ws-numbers.t
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ check_order('workspace order alright before testing');
 
 cmd "workspace 93";
 
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 
 my @ws = @{$i3->get_workspaces->recv};
 my @f = grep { defined($_->{num}) && $_->{num} == 93 } @ws;
@@ -38,23 +38,23 @@ is(@f, 1, 'ws 93 found by num');
 check_order('workspace order alright after opening 93');
 
 cmd "workspace 92";
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 check_order('workspace order alright after opening 92');
 
 cmd "workspace 94";
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 check_order('workspace order alright after opening 94');
 
 cmd "workspace 96";
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 check_order('workspace order alright after opening 96');
 
 cmd "workspace foo";
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 check_order('workspace order alright after opening foo');
 
 cmd "workspace 91";
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 check_order('workspace order alright after opening 91');
 
 done_testing;
diff --git a/testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t b/testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t
index 1121f124..fb77f01e 100644
--- a/testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t
+++ b/testcases/t/40-focus-lost.t
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ sub check_order {
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-my $left = open_standard_window($x);
-my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-my $right = open_standard_window($x);
+my $left = open_window($x);
+my $mid = open_window($x);
+my $right = open_window($x);
 
 sync_with_i3($x);
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/41-resize.t b/testcases/t/41-resize.t
index 2a3846d8..8691a044 100644
--- a/testcases/t/41-resize.t
+++ b/testcases/t/41-resize.t
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 cmd 'split v';
 
-my $top = open_standard_window($x);
-my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
+my $top = open_window($x);
+my $bottom = open_window($x);
 
 sync_with_i3($x);
 
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 cmd 'split v';
 
-$top = open_standard_window($x);
-$bottom = open_standard_window($x);
+$top = open_window($x);
+$bottom = open_window($x);
 
 cmd 'split h';
 cmd 'layout stacked';
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ is($nodes->[1]->{percent}, 0.75, 'bottom window got 75%');
 
 $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-$top = open_standard_window($x);
+$top = open_window($x);
 
 cmd 'floating enable';
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/45-flattening.t b/testcases/t/45-flattening.t
index 4a57f211..904252e7 100644
--- a/testcases/t/45-flattening.t
+++ b/testcases/t/45-flattening.t
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-my $left = open_standard_window($x);
-my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-my $right = open_standard_window($x);
+my $left = open_window($x);
+my $mid = open_window($x);
+my $right = open_window($x);
 
 cmd 'move before v';
 cmd 'move after h';
diff --git a/testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t b/testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t
index 07f78956..bc1302bb 100644
--- a/testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t
+++ b/testcases/t/46-floating-reinsert.t
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-my $left = open_standard_window($x);
-my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
+my $left = open_window($x);
+my $mid = open_window($x);
 
 cmd 'split v';
-my $bottom = open_standard_window($x);
+my $bottom = open_window($x);
 
 my ($nodes, $focus) = get_ws_content($tmp);
 
@@ -24,10 +24,8 @@ my ($nodes, $focus) = get_ws_content($tmp);
 # 1: open a floating window, get it mapped
 #############################################################################
 
-my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-
 # Create a floating window
-my $window = open_standard_window($x, undef, 1);
+my $window = open_floating_window($x);
 ok($window->mapped, 'Window is mapped');
 
 ($nodes, $focus) = get_ws_content($tmp);
diff --git a/testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t b/testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t
index 8425f6d9..771ace32 100644
--- a/testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t
+++ b/testcases/t/47-regress-floatingmove.t
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
-my $left = open_standard_window($x);
-my $mid = open_standard_window($x);
-my $right = open_standard_window($x);
+my $left = open_window($x);
+my $mid = open_window($x);
+my $right = open_window($x);
 
 # go to workspace level
 cmd 'level up';
diff --git a/testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t b/testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t
index 355e697a..6f9dfc40 100644
--- a/testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t
+++ b/testcases/t/48-regress-floatingmovews.t
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 # open a tiling window on the first workspace
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 #sleep 0.25;
 my $first = get_focused($tmp);
 
 # on a different ws, open a floating window
 my $otmp = fresh_workspace;
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 #sleep 0.25;
 my $float = get_focused($otmp);
 cmd 'mode toggle';
diff --git a/testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t b/testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t
index caadb9e3..e294e6bd 100644
--- a/testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t
+++ b/testcases/t/50-regress-dock-restart.t
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ BEGIN {
 }
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
@@ -26,17 +25,10 @@ is(@docked, 0, 'no dock clients yet');
 
 # open a dock client
 
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$window->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+my $window = open_window($x, {
+        background_color => '#FF0000',
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 #####################################################################
 # check that we can find it in the layout tree at the expected position
@@ -79,18 +71,12 @@ is(@docked, 0, 'no dock clients found');
 # create a dock client with a 1px border
 #####################################################################
 
-$window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    border => 1,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 20],
-    background_color => '#00FF00',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$window->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+$window = open_window($x, {
+        border => 1,
+        rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 20 ],
+        background_color => '#00FF00',
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 @docked = get_dock_clients;
 is(@docked, 1, 'one dock client found');
diff --git a/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t b/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
index b1dc6199..db0b6e9c 100644
--- a/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
+++ b/testcases/t/53-floating-originalsize.t
@@ -11,18 +11,7 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 # Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 400, 150],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-isa_ok($window, 'X11::XCB::Window');
-
-$window->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+my $window = open_window($x, { rect => [ 0, 0, 400, 150 ] });
 
 my ($absolute, $top) = $window->rect;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t b/testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t
index b1809493..21cb9696 100644
--- a/testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t
+++ b/testcases/t/54-regress-multiple-dock.t
@@ -27,33 +27,19 @@ is(@docked, 0, 'no dock clients yet');
 # open a dock client
 #####################################################################
 
-my $first = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$first->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+my $first = open_window($x, {
+        background_color => '#FF0000',
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 #####################################################################
 # Open a second dock client
 #####################################################################
 
-my $second = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$second->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+my $second = open_window($x, {
+        background_color => '#FF0000',
+        window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK'),
+    });
 
 #####################################################################
 # Kill the second dock client
diff --git a/testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t b/testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t
index 0ba5cdc4..5de05e8b 100644
--- a/testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t
+++ b/testcases/t/55-floating-split-size.t
@@ -19,31 +19,19 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 # open a window with 200x80
 #####################################################################
 
-my $first = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 200, 80],
-    background_color => '#FF0000',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$first->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+my $first = open_window($x, {
+        rect => [ 0, 0, 200, 80],
+        background_color => '#FF0000',
+    });
 
 #####################################################################
 # Open a second window with 300x90
 #####################################################################
 
-my $second = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 300, 90],
-    background_color => '#00FF00',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$second->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+my $second = open_window($x, {
+        rect => [ 0, 0, 300, 90],
+        background_color => '#00FF00',
+    });
 
 #####################################################################
 # Set the parent to floating
diff --git a/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t b/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
index 2eb35a6b..a559b5a5 100644
--- a/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/56-fullscreen-focus.t
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 # open the left window
 #####################################################################
 
-my $left = open_standard_window($x, '#ff0000');
+my $left = open_window($x, { background_color => '#ff0000' });
 
 is($x->input_focus, $left->id, 'left window focused');
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ diag("left = " . $left->id);
 # Open the right window
 #####################################################################
 
-my $right = open_standard_window($x, '#00ff00');
+my $right = open_window($x, { background_color => '#00ff00' });
 
 diag("right = " . $right->id);
 
@@ -44,16 +44,12 @@ cmd 'fullscreen';
 # Open a third window
 #####################################################################
 
-#my $third = open_standard_window($x, '#0000ff');
+my $third = open_window($x, {
+        background_color => '#0000ff',
+        name => 'Third window',
+        dont_map => 1,
+    });
 
-my $third = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 30, height => 30 ),
-    background_color => '#0000ff',
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$third->name('Third window');
 $third->map;
 
 sync_with_i3 $x;
diff --git a/testcases/t/57-regress-fullscreen-level-up.t b/testcases/t/57-regress-fullscreen-level-up.t
index 3e0b2fe1..7a101dbc 100644
--- a/testcases/t/57-regress-fullscreen-level-up.t
+++ b/testcases/t/57-regress-fullscreen-level-up.t
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ BEGIN {
 }
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 # open a window, verify it’s not in fullscreen mode
 #####################################################################
 
-my $win = open_standard_window($x);
+my $win = open_window($x);
 
 my $nodes = get_ws_content $tmp;
 is(@$nodes, 1, 'exactly one client');
diff --git a/testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t b/testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t
index 04c785ae..372f41cd 100644
--- a/testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ BEGIN {
 }
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
-my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 
 subtest 'Window without WM_TAKE_FOCUS', sub {
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/61-regress-borders-restart.t b/testcases/t/61-regress-borders-restart.t
index 1acf6c66..c5e3ef80 100644
--- a/testcases/t/61-regress-borders-restart.t
+++ b/testcases/t/61-regress-borders-restart.t
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use i3test;
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 my $i3 = i3(get_socket_path());
 my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
-my $window = open_standard_window($x);
+my $window = open_window($x);
 
 sub get_border_style {
     my @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
diff --git a/testcases/t/63-wm-state.t b/testcases/t/63-wm-state.t
index b9161400..e55d8682 100644
--- a/testcases/t/63-wm-state.t
+++ b/testcases/t/63-wm-state.t
@@ -7,27 +7,17 @@
 use X11::XCB qw(:all);
 use i3test;
 
-BEGIN {
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Window');
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Event::Generic');
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Event::MapNotify');
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Event::ClientMessage');
-}
-
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
-my $window = open_standard_window($x);
+my $window = open_window($x);
 
 sync_with_i3($x);
 
-diag('window mapped');
-
 is($window->state, ICCCM_WM_STATE_NORMAL, 'WM_STATE normal');
 
 $window->unmap;
 
-# TODO: wait for unmapnotify
-sync_with_i3($x);
+wait_for_unmap $x;
 
 is($window->state, ICCCM_WM_STATE_WITHDRAWN, 'WM_STATE withdrawn');
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t b/testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t
index 89077500..ef45a789 100644
--- a/testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t
+++ b/testcases/t/64-kill-win-vs-client.t
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ sub two_windows {
 
     ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-    my $first = open_standard_window($x);
-    my $second = open_standard_window($x);
+    my $first = open_window($x);
+    my $second = open_window($x);
 
     sync_with_i3 $x;
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/65-for_window.t b/testcases/t/65-for_window.t
index 0dbe99c3..36a20ea9 100644
--- a/testcases/t/65-for_window.t
+++ b/testcases/t/65-for_window.t
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ wait_for_map $x;
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 1, 'one node on this workspace now');
 is($content[0]->{border}, 'none', 'no border');
 
-my $other = open_standard_window($x);
+my $other = open_window($x);
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 cmp_ok(@content, '==', 2, 'two nodes');
diff --git a/testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t b/testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t
index 0e07ebf7..6ff3f15b 100644
--- a/testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t
+++ b/testcases/t/67-workspace_layout.t
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-my $first = open_standard_window($x);
-my $second = open_standard_window($x);
+my $first = open_window($x);
+my $second = open_window($x);
 
 sync_with_i3($x);
 
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-$first = open_standard_window($x);
-$second = open_standard_window($x);
+$first = open_window($x);
+$second = open_window($x);
 
 sync_with_i3($x);
 
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ is($content[0]->{layout}, 'stacked', 'layout stacked');
 #####################################################################
 
 cmd 'focus parent';
-my $right_top = open_standard_window($x);
-my $right_bot = open_standard_window($x);
+my $right_top = open_window($x);
+my $right_bot = open_window($x);
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 is(@content, 2, 'two cons at workspace level after focus parent');
diff --git a/testcases/t/68-regress-fullscreen-restart.t b/testcases/t/68-regress-fullscreen-restart.t
index fcc9ac7e..1418b402 100644
--- a/testcases/t/68-regress-fullscreen-restart.t
+++ b/testcases/t/68-regress-fullscreen-restart.t
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 fresh_workspace;
 
-open_standard_window($x);
-open_standard_window($x);
+open_window($x);
+open_window($x);
 
 cmd 'layout stacking';
 sleep 1;
diff --git a/testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t b/testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t
index cf1c3216..2aa5407d 100644
--- a/testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t
+++ b/testcases/t/70-force_focus_wrapping.t
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-my $first = open_standard_window($x);
-my $second = open_standard_window($x);
+my $first = open_window($x);
+my $second = open_window($x);
 
 cmd 'layout tabbed';
 cmd 'focus parent';
 
-my $third = open_standard_window($x);
+my $third = open_window($x);
 is($x->input_focus, $third->id, 'third window focused');
 
 cmd 'focus left';
@@ -66,13 +66,13 @@ $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-$first = open_standard_window($x);
-$second = open_standard_window($x);
+$first = open_window($x);
+$second = open_window($x);
 
 cmd 'layout tabbed';
 cmd 'focus parent';
 
-$third = open_standard_window($x);
+$third = open_window($x);
 
 sync_with_i3($x);
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/74-border-config.t b/testcases/t/74-border-config.t
index d66ef477..617e37b9 100644
--- a/testcases/t/74-border-config.t
+++ b/testcases/t/74-border-config.t
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-my $first = open_standard_window($x);
+my $first = open_window($x);
 
 my @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 ok(@content == 1, 'one container opened');
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-$first = open_standard_window($x);
+$first = open_window($x);
 
 @content = @{get_ws_content($tmp)};
 ok(@content == 1, 'one container opened');
@@ -75,19 +75,7 @@ $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-# Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-$first = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$first->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+$first = open_floating_window($x);
 
 my $wscontent = get_ws($tmp);
 my @floating = @{$wscontent->{floating_nodes}};
@@ -115,19 +103,7 @@ $tmp = fresh_workspace;
 
 ok(@{get_ws_content($tmp)} == 0, 'no containers yet');
 
-# Create a floating window which is smaller than the minimum enforced size of i3
-$first = $x->root->create_child(
-    class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-    rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30],
-    background_color => '#C0C0C0',
-    # replace the type with 'utility' as soon as the coercion works again in X11::XCB
-    window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'),
-    event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-);
-
-$first->map;
-
-wait_for_map $x;
+$first = open_floating_window($x);
 
 $wscontent = get_ws($tmp);
 @floating = @{$wscontent->{floating_nodes}};
diff --git a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
index 40e84044..87cb769d 100644
--- a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
+++ b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ our @EXPORT = qw(
     get_ws
     get_focused
     open_empty_con
-    open_standard_window
+    open_window
+    open_floating_window
     get_dock_clients
     cmd
     sync_with_i3
@@ -124,33 +125,53 @@ sub wait_for_unmap {
     sync_with_i3($x);
 }
 
-sub open_standard_window {
-    my ($x, $color, $floating) = @_;
+#
+# Opens a new window (see X11::XCB::Window), maps it, waits until it got mapped
+# and synchronizes with i3.
+#
+# set dont_map to a true value to avoid mapping
+#
+# default values:
+#     class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT
+#     rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ]
+#     background_color => '#c0c0c0'
+#     event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ]
+#     name => 'Window <n>'
+#
+sub open_window {
+    my ($x, $args) = @_;
+    my %args = ($args ? %$args : ());
 
-    $color ||= '#c0c0c0';
+    my $dont_map = delete $args{dont_map};
 
-    # We cannot use a hashref here because create_child expands the arguments into an array
-    my @args = (
-        class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-        rect => X11::XCB::Rect->new(x => 0, y => 0, width => 30, height => 30 ),
-        background_color => $color,
-        event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-    );
+    $args{class} = WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT unless exists $args{class};
+    $args{rect} = [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ] unless exists $args{rect};
+    $args{background_color} = '#c0c0c0' unless exists $args{background_color};
+    $args{event_mask} = [ 'structure_notify' ] unless exists $args{event_mask};
+    $args{name} = 'Window ' . counter_window() unless exists $args{name};
 
-    if (defined($floating) && $floating) {
-        @args = (@args, window_type => $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY'));
-    }
+    my $window = $x->root->create_child(%args);
 
-    my $window = $x->root->create_child(@args);
+    return $window if $dont_map;
 
-    $window->name('Window ' . counter_window());
     $window->map;
-
-    wait_for_event $x, 0.5, sub { $_[0]->{response_type} == MAP_NOTIFY };
-
+    wait_for_map($x);
+    # We sync with i3 here to make sure $x->input_focus is updated.
+    sync_with_i3($x);
     return $window;
 }
 
+# Thin wrapper around open_window which sets window_type to
+# _NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY to make the window floating.
+sub open_floating_window {
+    my ($x, $args) = @_;
+    my %args = ($args ? %$args : ());
+
+    $args{window_type} = $x->atom(name => '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY');
+
+    return open_window($x, \%args);
+}
+
 sub open_empty_con {
     my ($i3) = @_;
 

From 378611c11c2ab113b2bbd61f6b69a1dd7f610002 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 15:38:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 11/15] tests: refactor t/58-wm_take_focus to use
 wait_for_event

---
 testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t | 98 +++++-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t b/testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t
index 372f41cd..a90ce1c3 100644
--- a/testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t
+++ b/testcases/t/58-wm_take_focus.t
@@ -7,105 +7,35 @@ use X11::XCB qw(:all);
 use i3test;
 use v5.10;
 
-BEGIN {
-    use_ok('EV');
-    use_ok('AnyEvent');
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Window');
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Event::Generic');
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Event::MapNotify');
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Event::ClientMessage');
-}
-
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
 subtest 'Window without WM_TAKE_FOCUS', sub {
+    fresh_workspace;
 
-    my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
+    my $window = open_window($x);
 
-    my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-        class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-        rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-        background_color => '#00ff00',
-        event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-    );
-
-    $window->name('Window 1');
-    $window->map;
-
-    my $cv = AE::cv;
-
-    my $prep = EV::prepare sub {
-        $x->flush;
-    };
-
-    my $check = EV::check sub {
-        while (defined(my $event = $x->poll_for_event)) {
-            if ($event->response_type == 161) {
-                # clientmessage
-                $cv->send(0);
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    my $w = EV::io $x->get_file_descriptor, EV::READ, sub {
-        # do nothing, we only need this watcher so that EV picks up the events
-    };
-
-    # Trigger timeout after 1 second
-    my $t = AE::timer 1, 0, sub {
-        $cv->send(1);
-    };
-
-    my $result = $cv->recv;
-    ok($result, 'cv result');
+    ok(!wait_for_event($x, 1, sub { $_[0]->{response_type} == 161 }), 'did not receive ClientMessage');
 
     done_testing;
 };
 
 subtest 'Window with WM_TAKE_FOCUS', sub {
+    fresh_workspace;
 
-    my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
+    my $take_focus = $x->atom(name => 'WM_TAKE_FOCUS');
 
-    my $window = $x->root->create_child(
-        class => WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
-        rect => [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ],
-        background_color => '#00ff00',
-        event_mask => [ 'structure_notify' ],
-        protocols => [ $x->atom(name => 'WM_TAKE_FOCUS') ],
-    );
+    my $window = open_window($x, {
+        dont_map => 1,
+        protocols => [ $take_focus ],
+    });
 
-    $window->name('Window 1');
     $window->map;
 
-    my $cv = AE::cv;
-
-    my $prep = EV::prepare sub {
-        $x->flush;
-    };
-
-    my $check = EV::check sub {
-        while (defined(my $event = $x->poll_for_event)) {
-            if ($event->response_type == 161) {
-                $cv->send($event->data);
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    my $w = EV::io $x->get_file_descriptor, EV::READ, sub {
-        # do nothing, we only need this watcher so that EV picks up the events
-    };
-
-    my $t = AE::timer 1, 0, sub {
-        say "timer!";
-        $cv->send(undef);
-    };
-
-    my $result = $cv->recv;
-    ok(defined($result), 'got a ClientMessage');
-    if (defined($result)) {
-        my ($data, $time) = unpack("L2", $result);
-        is($data, $x->atom(name => 'WM_TAKE_FOCUS')->id, 'first uint32_t contains WM_TAKE_FOCUS atom');
-    }
+    ok(wait_for_event($x, 1, sub {
+        return 0 unless $_[0]->{response_type} == 161;
+        my ($data, $time) = unpack("L2", $_[0]->{data});
+        return ($data == $take_focus->id);
+    }), 'got ClientMessage with WM_TAKE_FOCUS atom');
 
     done_testing;
 };

From 761dac55143a469022f0556017126f96f2bd8c9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 15:44:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 12/15] tests: lib/i3test: Use //= instead of unless exists
 $args{key} (Thanks mxf)

---
 testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
index 87cb769d..2685d695 100644
--- a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
+++ b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
@@ -144,11 +144,11 @@ sub open_window {
 
     my $dont_map = delete $args{dont_map};
 
-    $args{class} = WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT unless exists $args{class};
-    $args{rect} = [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ] unless exists $args{rect};
-    $args{background_color} = '#c0c0c0' unless exists $args{background_color};
-    $args{event_mask} = [ 'structure_notify' ] unless exists $args{event_mask};
-    $args{name} = 'Window ' . counter_window() unless exists $args{name};
+    $args{class} //= WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT;
+    $args{rect} //= [ 0, 0, 30, 30 ];
+    $args{background_color} //= '#c0c0c0';
+    $args{event_mask} //= [ 'structure_notify' ];
+    $args{name} //= 'Window ' . counter_window();
 
     my $window = $x->root->create_child(%args);
 

From 10a9d2a439f681288d26f13f13ffe1bec2ead409 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 15:56:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 13/15] tests: Bugfix: 11-goto.t: use mktemp for generating a
 random mark, not base64

The base64 string could contain / and + which is treated specially since we
implemented PCRE support :)
---
 testcases/t/11-goto.t | 9 ++-------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/t/11-goto.t b/testcases/t/11-goto.t
index 5bec5892..5ddef776 100644
--- a/testcases/t/11-goto.t
+++ b/testcases/t/11-goto.t
@@ -2,12 +2,7 @@
 # vim:ts=4:sw=4:expandtab
 
 use i3test;
-use X11::XCB qw(:all);
-use Digest::SHA1 qw(sha1_base64);
-
-BEGIN {
-    use_ok('X11::XCB::Connection') or BAIL_OUT('Cannot load X11::XCB::Connection');
-}
+use File::Temp;
 
 my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
 
@@ -45,7 +40,7 @@ is($focus, $mid->id, "Middle window focused");
 # Now goto a mark which does not exist
 #####################################################################
 
-my $random_mark = sha1_base64(rand());
+my $random_mark = mktemp('mark.XXXXXX');
 
 $focus = focus_after(qq|[con_mark="$random_mark"] focus|);
 is($focus, $mid->id, "focus unchanged");

From 1eb011aae12d60c07117a7a6a9b95a35f42eec5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 16:28:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 14/15] tests: make sure to leave no tempfiles behind

---
 testcases/complete-run.pl       | 2 +-
 testcases/t/59-socketpaths.t    | 4 ++--
 testcases/t/71-config-migrate.t | 2 +-
 testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm       | 4 ++++
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/testcases/complete-run.pl b/testcases/complete-run.pl
index 3566d78b..52038b33 100755
--- a/testcases/complete-run.pl
+++ b/testcases/complete-run.pl
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ sub take_job {
     my $dont_start = (slurp($test) =~ /# !NO_I3_INSTANCE!/);
     my $logpath = "$outdir/i3-log-for-" . basename($test);
 
-    my ($fh, $tmpfile) = tempfile();
+    my ($fh, $tmpfile) = tempfile('i3-run-cfg.XXXXXX', UNLINK => 1);
     say $fh $config;
     say $fh "ipc-socket /tmp/nested-$display";
     close($fh);
diff --git a/testcases/t/59-socketpaths.t b/testcases/t/59-socketpaths.t
index 33350927..36c99087 100644
--- a/testcases/t/59-socketpaths.t
+++ b/testcases/t/59-socketpaths.t
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ my $i3_path = abs_path("../i3");
 # default case: socket will be created in /tmp/i3-<username>/ipc-socket.<pid>
 #####################################################################
 
-my ($fh, $tmpfile) = tempfile();
+my ($fh, $tmpfile) = tempfile('/tmp/i3-test-config.XXXXXX', UNLINK => 1);
 say $fh "# i3 config file (v4)";
 say $fh "font -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-C-70-iso10646-1";
 close($fh);
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ my $tmpdir = tempdir(CLEANUP => 1);
 $socketpath = $tmpdir . "/config.sock";
 ok(! -e $socketpath, "$socketpath does not exist yet");
 
-($fh, $tmpfile) = tempfile();
+($fh, $tmpfile) = tempfile('/tmp/i3-test-config.XXXXXX', UNLINK => 1);
 say $fh "# i3 config file (v4)";
 say $fh "font -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-C-70-iso10646-1";
 say $fh "ipc-socket $socketpath";
diff --git a/testcases/t/71-config-migrate.t b/testcases/t/71-config-migrate.t
index 6b41f2c1..561538e5 100644
--- a/testcases/t/71-config-migrate.t
+++ b/testcases/t/71-config-migrate.t
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ sub slurp {
 sub migrate_config {
     my ($config) = @_;
 
-    my ($fh, $tmpfile) = tempfile();
+    my ($fh, $tmpfile) = tempfile('/tmp/i3-migrate-cfg.XXXXXX', UNLINK => 1);
     print $fh $config;
     close($fh);
 
diff --git a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
index 2685d695..c890693c 100644
--- a/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
+++ b/testcases/t/lib/i3test.pm
@@ -382,6 +382,10 @@ sub exit_gracefully {
     if (!$exited) {
         kill(9, $pid) or die "could not kill i3";
     }
+
+    if ($socketpath =~ m,^/tmp/i3-test-socket-,) {
+        unlink($socketpath);
+    }
 }
 
 # Gets the socket path from the I3_SOCKET_PATH atom stored on the X11 root window

From d174ff16edc462a7fc44cb1372789bb06ddaa543 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Date: Sat, 24 Sep 2011 17:20:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 15/15] Add docs/testsuite

---
 docs/Makefile            |   5 +-
 docs/i3-sync-working.dia | Bin 0 -> 2762 bytes
 docs/i3-sync-working.png | Bin 0 -> 25072 bytes
 docs/i3-sync.dia         | Bin 0 -> 2208 bytes
 docs/i3-sync.png         | Bin 0 -> 17308 bytes
 docs/testsuite           | 446 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 450 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 docs/i3-sync-working.dia
 create mode 100644 docs/i3-sync-working.png
 create mode 100644 docs/i3-sync.dia
 create mode 100644 docs/i3-sync.png
 create mode 100644 docs/testsuite

diff --git a/docs/Makefile b/docs/Makefile
index 9d70243d..990bba87 100644
--- a/docs/Makefile
+++ b/docs/Makefile
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-all: hacking-howto.html debugging.html userguide.html ipc.html multi-monitor.html wsbar.html refcard.pdf
+all: hacking-howto.html debugging.html userguide.html ipc.html multi-monitor.html wsbar.html refcard.pdf testsuite.html
 
 hacking-howto.html: hacking-howto
 	asciidoc -a toc -n $<
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ debugging.html: debugging
 userguide.html: userguide
 	asciidoc -a toc -n $<
 
+testsuite.html: testsuite
+	asciidoc -a toc -n $<
+
 ipc.html: ipc
 	asciidoc -a toc -n $<
 
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+i3 testsuite
+============
+Michael Stapelberg <michael+i3@stapelberg.de>
+September 2011
+
+This document explains how the i3 testsuite works, how to use it and how to
+extend it. It is targeted at developers who not necessarily have been doing
+testing before or have not been testing in Perl before. In general, the
+testsuite is not of interest for end users.
+
+
+== Introduction
+
+The i3 testsuite is a collection of files which contain testcases for various
+i3 features. Some of them test if a certain workflow works correctly (moving
+windows, focus behaviour, …). Others are regression tests and contain code
+which previously made i3 crash or lead to unexpected behaviour. They then check
+if i3 still runs (meaning it did not crash) and if it handled everything
+correctly.
+
+The goal of having these tests is to automatically find problems and to
+automatically get a feel for whether a change in the source code breaks any
+existing feature. After every modification of the i3 sourcecode, the developer
+should run the full testsuite. If one of the tests does not pass (but fails),
+the corresponding problem should be fixed (or, in some cases, the testcase has
+to be modified). For every bugreport, a testcase should be written to test the
+correct behaviour. Initially, it will fail, but after fixing the bug, it will
+pass. This ensures (or increases the chance) that bugs which have been fixed
+once will never be found again.
+
+Also, when implementing a new feature, a testcase might be a good way to be
+able to easily test if the feature is working correctly. Many developers will
+test manually if everything works. Having a testcase not only helps you with
+that, but it will also be useful for every future change.
+
+== Implementation
+
+For several reasons, the i3 testsuite has been implemented in Perl:
+
+1. Perl has a long tradition of testing. Every popular/bigger Perl module which
+   you can find on CPAN will not only come with documentation, but also with
+   tests. Therefore, the available infrastructure for tests is comprehensive.
+   See for example the excellent http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Test::More
+   and the referenced http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Test::Tutorial.
+
+2. Perl is widely available and has a well-working package infrastructure.
+3. The author is familiar with Perl :).
+
+Please do not start programming language flamewars at this point.
+
+=== Mechanisms
+
+==== Script: complete-run
+
+The testcases are run by a script called +complete-run.pl+. It runs all
+testcases by default, but you can be more specific and let it only run one or
+more testcases. Also, it takes care of starting up a separate instance of i3
+with an appropriate configuration file and creates a folder for each run
+containing the appropriate i3 logfile for each testcase.  The latest folder can
+always be found under the symlink +latest/+. It is recommended that you run the
+tests on one or more separate X server instances (you can only start one window
+manager per X session), for example using the provided Xdummy script.
++complete-run.pl+ takes one or more X11 display specifications and parallelizes
+the testcases appropriately:
+
+.Example invocation of complete-run.pl+
+---------------------------------------
+$ cd ~/i3/testcases
+
+# start two dummy X11 instances in the background
+$ ./Xdummy :1 &
+$ ./Xdummy :2 &
+
+$ ./complete-run.pl -d :1,:2
+# output omitted because it is very long
+All tests successful.
+Files=78, Tests=734, 27 wallclock secs ( 0.38 usr  0.48 sys + 17.65 cusr  3.21 csys = 21.72 CPU)
+Result: PASS
+
+$ ./complete-run.pl -d :1 t/04-floating.t
+[:3] i3 startup: took 0.07s, status = 1
+[:3] Running t/04-floating.t with logfile testsuite-2011-09-24-16-06-04-4.0.2-226-g1eb011a/i3-log-for-04-floating.t
+[:3] t/04-floating.t finished
+[:3] killing i3
+output for t/04-floating.t:
+ok 1 - use X11::XCB::Window;
+ok 2 - The object isa X11::XCB::Window
+ok 3 - Window is mapped
+ok 4 - i3 raised the width to 75
+ok 5 - i3 raised the height to 50
+ok 6 - i3 did not map it to (0x0)
+ok 7 - The object isa X11::XCB::Window
+ok 8 - i3 let the width at 80
+ok 9 - i3 let the height at 90
+ok 10 - i3 mapped it to x=1
+ok 11 - i3 mapped it to y=18
+ok 12 - The object isa X11::XCB::Window
+ok 13 - i3 let the width at 80
+ok 14 - i3 let the height at 90
+1..14
+
+All tests successful.
+Files=1, Tests=14,  0 wallclock secs ( 0.01 usr  0.00 sys +  0.19 cusr  0.03 csys =  0.23 CPU)
+Result: PASS
+
+$ less latest/i3-log-for-04-floating.t
+----------------------------------------
+
+==== IPC interface
+
+The testsuite makes extensive use of the IPC (Inter-Process Communication)
+interface which i3 provides. It is used for the startup process of i3, for
+terminating it cleanly and (most importantly) for modifying and getting the
+current state (layout tree).
+
+See [http://i3wm.org/docs/ipc.html] for documentation on the IPC interface.
+
+==== X11::XCB
+
+In order to open new windows, change attributes, get events, etc., the
+testsuite uses X11::XCB, a new (and quite specific to i3 at the moment) Perl
+module which uses the XCB protocol description to generate Perl bindings to
+X11. They work in a very similar way to libxcb (which i3 uses) and provide
+relatively high-level interfaces (objects such as +X11::XCB::Window+) aswell as
+access to the low-level interface, which is very useful when testing a window
+manager.
+
+=== Filesystem structure
+
+In the git root of i3, the testcases live in the folder +testcases+. This
+folder contains the +complete-run.pl+ and +Xdummy+ scripts and a base
+configuration file which will be used for the tests. The different testcases
+themselve can be found in the conventionally named subfolder +t+:
+
+.Filesystem structure
+--------------------------------------------
+├── testcases
+│   ├── complete-run.pl
+│   ├── i3-test.config
+│   ├── t
+│   │   ├── 00-load.t
+│   │   ├── 01-tile.t
+│   │   ├── 02-fullscreen.t
+│   │   ├── ...
+│   │   ├── omitted for brevity
+│   │   ├── ...
+│   │   ├── 74-regress-focus-toggle.t
+│   │   └── lib
+│   │       └── i3test.pm
+│   └── Xdummy
+--------------------------------------------
+
+== Anatomy of a testcase
+
+Learning by example is definitely a good strategy when you are wondering how to
+write a testcase. Let's take +t/11-goto.t+ as an easy example and go through it
+step by step:
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Boilerplate
+----------------------
+#!perl
+# vim:ts=4:sw=4:expandtab
+
+use i3test;
+use File::Temp;
+
+my $x = X11::XCB::Connection->new;
+-----------------------
+
+This is what we call boilerplate. It exists at the top of every test file (to
+some extent). The first line is the shebang, which specifies that this file is
+a Perl script. The second line contains VIM specific settings on how to
+edit/format this file (use spaces instead of tabs, indent using 4 spaces).
+Afterwards, the +i3test+ module is used. This module contains i3 testsuite
+specific functions which you are strongly encouraged to use. They make writing
+testcases a lot easier and will make it easier for other people to read your
+tests.
+
+The next line uses the +File::Temp+ module. This is specific to this testcase,
+because it needs to generate a temporary name during the test. Many testcases
+use only the +i3test+ module.
+
+The last line opens a connection to X11. You might or might not need this in
+your testcase, depending on whether you are going to open windows (etc.) or
+only use i3 commands.
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Setup
+----------------------
+my $tmp = fresh_workspace;
+
+cmd 'split h';
+----------------------
+
+The first line calls i3test's +fresh_workspace+ function which looks for a
+currently unused workspace, switches to it, and returns its name. The variable
++$tmp+ will end up having a value such as +"/tmp/87kBVcHbA9"+. Note that this
+is not (necessarily) a valid path, it's just a random workspace name.
+
+So, now that we are on a new workspace, we ensure that the workspace uses
+horizontal orientation by issuing the +split h+ command (see the i3 User's
+Guide for a list of commands). This is not strictly necessary, but good style.
+In general, the +cmd+ function executes the specified i3 command by using the
+IPC interface and returns once i3 acknowledged the command.
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Setup
+----------------------
+#####################################################################
+# Create two windows and make sure focus switching works
+#####################################################################
+
+my $top = open_window($x);
+my $mid = open_window($x);
+my $bottom = open_window($x);
+----------------------
+
+In every major section of a testcase, you should put a comment like the one
+above. This makes it immediately clear how the file is structured.
+
+The +open_window+ function opens a standard window, which will then be put into
+tiling mode by i3. If you want a floating window, use the
++open_floating_window+ function. These functions accept the same parameters as
++X11::XCB::Window->new+, see the i3test documentation at TODO.
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Helper function
+----------------------
+#
+# Returns the input focus after sending the given command to i3 via IPC
+# end sleeping for half a second to make sure i3 reacted
+#
+sub focus_after {
+    my $msg = shift;
+
+    cmd $msg;
+    sync_with_i3 $x;
+    return $x->input_focus;
+}
+----------------------
+
+This section defines a helper function which will be used over and over in this
+testcase. If you have code which gets executed more than once or twice
+(depending on the length of your test, use your best judgement), please put it
+in a function. Tests should be short, concise and clear.
+
+The +focus_after+ function executes a command and returns the X11 focus after
+the command was executed. The +sync_with_i3+ command makes sure that i3 could
+push its state to X11. See <<i3_sync>> to learn how this works exactly.
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Test assumptions
+----------------------
+$focus = $x->input_focus;
+is($focus, $bottom->id, "Latest window focused");
+
+$focus = focus_after('focus left');
+is($focus, $mid->id, "Middle window focused");
+----------------------
+
+Now, we run the first two real tests. They use +Test::More+'s +is+ function,
+which compares two values and prints the differences if they are not the same.
+After the arguments, we supply a short comment to indicate what we are testing
+here. This makes it vastly more easy for the developer to spot which testcase
+is the problem in case one fails.
+
+The first test checks that the most recently opened window is focused.
+Afterwards, the command +focus left+ is issued and it is verified that the
+middle window now has focus.
+
+Note that this is not a comprehensive test of the +focus+ command -- we would
+have to test wrapping, focus when using a more complex layout, focusing the
+parent/child containers, etc. But that is not the point of this testcase.
+Instead, we just want to know if +$x->input_focus+ corresponds with what we are
+expecting. If not, something is completely wrong with the test environment and
+this trivial test will fail.
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Test that the feature does not work (yet)
+----------------------
+#####################################################################
+# Now goto a mark which does not exist
+#####################################################################
+
+my $random_mark = mktemp('mark.XXXXXX');
+
+$focus = focus_after(qq|[con_mark="$random_mark"] focus|);
+is($focus, $mid->id, "focus unchanged");
+----------------------
+
+In this new major section, a random mark (mark is an identifier for a window,
+see "VIM-like marks" in the i3 User’s Guide) will be generated. Afterwards, we
+test that trying to focus that mark will not do anything. This is important: Do
+not only test that using a feature has the expected outcome, but also test that
+using it without properly initializing it does no harm. This command could for
+example have changed focus anyways (a bug) or crash i3 (obviously a bug).
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Test that the feature does work
+----------------------
+cmd "mark $random_mark";
+
+$focus = focus_after('focus left');
+is($focus, $top->id, "Top window focused");
+
+$focus = focus_after(qq|[con_mark="$random_mark"] focus|);
+is($focus, $mid->id, "goto worked");
+----------------------
+
+Remember: Focus was on the middle window (we verified that earlier in "Test
+assumptions"). We now mark the middle window with our randomly generated mark.
+Afterwards, we switch focus away from the middle window to be able to tell if
+focusing it via its mark will work. If it does work (next test), the goto
+command works.
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Test corner case
+----------------------
+# check that we can specify multiple criteria
+
+$focus = focus_after('focus left');
+is($focus, $top->id, "Top window focused");
+
+$focus = focus_after(qq|[con_mark="$random_mark" con_mark="$random_mark"] focus|);
+is($focus, $mid->id, "goto worked");
+----------------------
+
+Now we test the same feature, but specifying the mark twice in the command.
+This should have no effect, but let’s be sure: test it and see if things go
+wrong.
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Test second code path
+----------------------
+#####################################################################
+# Check whether the focus command will switch to a different
+# workspace if necessary
+#####################################################################
+
+my $tmp2 = fresh_workspace;
+
+is(focused_ws(), $tmp2, 'tmp2 now focused');
+
+cmd qq|[con_mark="$random_mark"] focus|;
+
+is(focused_ws(), $tmp, 'tmp now focused');
+----------------------
+
+This part of the test checks that focusing windows by mark works across
+workspaces. It uses i3test's +focused_ws+ function to get the current
+workspace.
+
+.t/11-goto.t: Test second code path
+----------------------
+done_testing;
+----------------------
+
+The end of every testcase has to contain the +done_testing+ line. This tells
++complete-run.pl+ that the test was finished successfully. If it does not
+occur, the test might have crashed during execution -- some of the reasons why
+that could happen are bugs in the used modules, bugs in the testcase itself or
+an i3 crash resulting in the testcase being unable to communicate with i3 via
+IPC anymore.
+
+[[i3_sync]]
+== Appendix A: The i3 sync protocol
+
+Consider the following situation: You open two windows in your testcase, then
+you use +focus left+ and want to verify that the X11 focus has been updated
+properly. Sounds simple, right? Let’s assume you use this straight-forward
+implementation:
+
+.Racey focus testcase
+-----------
+my $left = open_window($x);
+my $right = open_window($x);
+cmd 'focus left';
+is($x->input_focus, $left->id, 'left window focused');
+----------
+
+However, the test fails. Sometimes. Apparantly, there is a race condition in
+your test. If you think about it, this is because you are using two different
+pieces of software: You tell i3 to update focus, i3 confirms that, and then you
+ask X11 to give you the current focus. There is a certain time i3 needs to
+update the X11 state. If the testcase gets CPU time before X11 processed i3's
+requests, the test will fail.
+
+image::i3-sync.png["Diagram of the race condition", title="Diagram of the race condition"]
+
+One way to "solve" this would be to add +sleep 0.5;+ after the +cmd+ call.
+After 0.5 seconds it should be safe to assume that focus has been updated,
+right?
+
+In practice, this usually works. However, it has several problems:
+
+1. This is obviously not a clean solution, but a workaround. Ugly.
+2. On very slow machines, this might not work. Unlikely, but in different
+   situations (a delay to wait for i3 to startup) the necessary time is much
+   harder to guess, even for fast machines.
+3. This *wastes a lot of time*. Usually, your computer is much faster than 0.5s
+   to update the status. However, sometimes, it might take 0.4s, so we can’t
+   make it +sleep 0.1+.
+
+To illustrate how grave the problem with wasting time actually is: Before
+removing all sleeps from the testsuite, a typical run using 4 separate X
+servers took around 50 seconds on my machine. After removing all the sleeps,
+we achieved times of about 25 seconds. This is very significant and influences
+the way you think about tests -- the faster they are, the more likely you are
+to check whether everything still works quite often (which you should).
+
+What I am trying to say is: This adds up quickly and makes the test suite less
+robust.
+
+The real solution for this problem is a mechanism which I call "the i3 sync
+protocol". The idea is to send a request (which does not modify state) via X11
+to i3 which will then be answered. Due to the request's position in the event
+queue (*after* all previous events), you can be sure that by the time you
+receive the reply, all other events have been dealt with by i3 (and, more
+importantly, X11).
+
+image::i3-sync-working.png["Diagram of the i3 sync solution", title="Diagram of the i3 sync solution"]
+
+=== Implementation details
+
+The client which wants to sync with i3 initiates the protocol by sending a
+ClientMessage to the X11 root window:
+
+.Send ClientMessage
+-------------------
+# Generate a ClientMessage, see xcb_client_message_t
+my $msg = pack "CCSLLLLLLL",
+    CLIENT_MESSAGE, # response_type
+    32,     # format
+    0,      # sequence
+    $root,  # destination window
+    $x->atom(name => 'I3_SYNC')->id,
+
+    $_sync_window->id,    # data[0]: our own window id
+    $myrnd, # data[1]: a random value to identify the request
+    0,
+    0,
+    0;
+
+# Send it to the root window -- since i3 uses the SubstructureRedirect
+# event mask, it will get the ClientMessage.
+$x->send_event(0, $root, EVENT_MASK_SUBSTRUCTURE_REDIRECT, $msg);
+-------------------
+
+i3 will then reply with the same ClientMessage, sent to the window specified in
++data[0]+. In the reply, +data[0]+ and +data[1]+ are exactly the same as in the
+request. You should use a random value in +data[1]+ and check that you received
+the same one when getting the reply.
+
+== Appendix B: Socket activation